Extinct bisons

[Gorilla king]

BISON LATIFRONS

Bison latifrons (also known as the giant bison or long-horned bison) is an extinct species of bison that lived in North America during the Pleistocene epoch ranging from Alaska to Mexico. It was the largest and heaviest bovid ever to live in North America.[2] It thrived in North America for about 200,000 years, but became extinct some 20,000–30,000 years ago, at the beginning of the last glacial maximum.



Description



Because only skulls and horns of this species have been found well preserved, the size of B. latifrons is currently not clearly known. Based on leg bones, the mass of B. latifrons has been estimated to be 25-50 percent larger than that of modern B. bison, making it undoubtedly one of the largest ruminants ever.[3][4]

The known dimensions of the species are on average larger than any extinct and extant bovids, including both the American bison and the European bison. Overall, it was probably around 4.75 m (15.6 ft) in length and stood about 2.3 m (7.5 ft) to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) tall at the withers.[5] With an estimated weight of 1,250 kg (2,760 lb)[6][7] to 2,000 kg (4,400 lb),[8] B. latifrons was one of the largest ruminants ever, rivaled in mass only by the modern giraffe and the prehistoric long-horned buffalo Pelorovis.

The horns of B. latifrons measured as great as 213 centimeters (84 in) from tip to tip, compared with 66 cm (26 in) to 90 cm (35 in) in modern Bison bison.[9][10]

Evolution

B. latifrons is thought to have evolved in midcontinent North America from B. priscus, another prehistoric species of bison that migrated across the Bering Land Bridge between 240,000 and 220,000 years ago.[11][12][13] B. latifrons was one of many species of North American megafauna that became extinct during the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene epoch (an event referred to as the Holocene extinction). It is thought to have disappeared some 21,000–30,000 years ago, during the late Wisconsin glaciation.[9] But unlike many other megafauna that died out and left no living descendants (at least in the Americas), B. latifrons evolved into the smaller Bison antiquus which made it better adapted to flourish on the open plains.[14] B. antiquus in turn evolved into the yet smaller Bison bison — the modern American bison — some 10,000 years ago[15] by hybridization with Bison occidentalis which was smaller but more numerous than Bison antiquus. Decreasing in size through hybridization caused bison to continue increasing in population in North America until the Europeans arrived.[14]

Habitat and behavior

A herbivore, B. latifrons is believed to have lived in small family groups, grazing in the Great Plains and browsing in the woodlands of North America. Paleontologists believe it preferred the warmer climes of what is now the United States, and fossils of the species have been found as far south and west as modern-day San Diego, California.[16] The large, thick horns of the males are believed to have been employed as a visual deterrent to large carnivorous megafauna such as the saber-toothed cat[17] and giant short-faced bear,[18] and also to establish dominance in battle with other males for the right to mate. In 2014, the National Institute of Anthropology and History found remains of B. latifrons in Chilpancingo, Guerrero, southern Mexico.[19]


en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_latifrons

[Gorilla king]

BISON ANTIQUUS

Bison antiquus, the antique or ancient bison, is an extinct species of bison that lived in Late Pleistocene North America until around 10,000 years ago. It was one of the most common large herbivores on the North American continent during the late Pleistocene, and is a direct ancestor of the living American bison along with Bison occidentalis.[3][4]





Biology

During the later Pleistocene epoch, between 240,000 and 220,000 years ago,[5][6][7] steppe wisent (B. priscus) migrated from Siberia into Alaska across the Bering Land Bridge. Bison priscus lived throughout North America from Alaska to southern Mexico[8] throughout the remainder of the Pleistocene. In western North America, B. priscus evolved into long-horned bison, B. latifrons, which then evolved into B. antiquus. The larger B. latifrons appears to have disappeared by about 22,000 years ago likely because of evolutionary process to adapt into the new continent including increasing in population size.[9] After the extinction of B. latifrons, B. antiquus became increasingly abundant in parts of midcontinent North America from 18,000 until about 10,000 years ago,[6] after which the species appears to have given rise to the living species, B. bison.[10] B. antiquus is the most commonly recovered large mammalian herbivore from the La Brea tar pits.[3]

B. antiquus was taller, had larger bones and horns, and was 15-25% larger overall than modern bison. It reached up to 2.27 m (7.5 ft) tall, 4.6 m (15 ft) long, and a weight of 1,588 kg (3500 lb).[11] From tip to tip, the horns of B. antiquus measured about 3 ft (nearly 1 m).




One of the best educational sites to view in situ semifossilized skeletons of over 500 individuals of B. antiquus is the Hudson-Meng archeological site operated by the U.S. Forest Service, 18 mi (29 km) northwest of Crawford, Nebraska. A number of paleo-Indian spear and projectile points have been recovered in conjunction with the animal skeletons at the site, which is dated around 9,700 to 10,000 years ago. The reason for the "die-off" of so many animals in one compact location is still in conjecture; some professionals argue it was the result of a very successful paleo-Indian hunt, while others feel the herd died as a result of some dramatic natural event, to be later scavenged by humans. Individuals of B. antiquus of both sexes and a typical range of ages have been found at the site.[12][13][14]

According to internationally renowned archaeologist George Carr Frison, B. occidentalis and B. antiquus both survived the Late Pleistocene period, between about 12,000 and 11,000 years ago, dominated by glaciation (the Wisconsin glaciation in North America), when many other megafauna became extinct.[15] After the extinction of most of the North American megafauna, Native Americans of the Plains and Rocky Mountains depended largely on bison as their major food source. Frison noted, "[the] oldest, well-documented bison kills by pedestrian human hunters in North America date to about 11,000 years ago."[16] B. antiquus fossils were found in Washington State in recent years, with apparent fracture patterns on bones consistent with stone tools as opposed to carnivorous activity.[17]


en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_antiquus

[Gorilla king]

STEPPE BISON


The steppe bison or steppe wisent (Bison priscus)[1] is an extinct species of bison that was once found on the mammoth steppe where its range included British Isles,[2] Europe,[3] Central Asia,[4] Northern to Northeastern Asia,[5][6][7][8] Beringia, and central North America,[9][10] from northwest Canada to Mexico during the Quaternary. This wide distribution is sometimes called the Pleistocene bison belt compared to the Great bison belt.[11] The radiocarbon dating of a steppe bison skeleton indicates that it was present 5,400 years ago in Alaska.[12] Three chronological subspecies, Bison priscus priscus, Bison priscus mediator, and Bison priscus gigas, have been suggested.[13]



Evolution




The steppe bison is believed to have evolved from Bison palaeosinensis in South Asia, which means the species appeared at roughly the same time and region as the aurochs (Bos primigenius) with which its descendants are sometimes confused. The steppe bison was eventually contemporaneous with the Pleistocene woodland bison (B. schoetensacki) and the European bison (Bison bonasus) in Europe, Bison hanaizumiensis in Japan,[5][6][14][15][16] and the long-horned bison (Bison latifrons) in North America.

The steppe bison became extinct possibly in the middle to the late Holocene, as it was replaced in Europe by the modern European bison (B. bonasus) and in America by a sequence of several species (such as Bison antiquus and Bison occidentalis) culminating in the modern American bison (Bison bison).[17] European cave paintings appear to depict both B. bonasus and B. priscus.[18]

Resembling the modern bison species, especially the American wood bison (Bison bison athabascae),[19] the steppe bison was over 2 m tall at the withers, reaching 900 kg (2,000 lb) in weight.[20] The tips of the horns were a meter apart, the horns themselves being over half a meter long.

Discoveries



Steppe bison appear in cave art, notably in the Cave of Altamira and Lascaux, and the carving Bison Licking Insect Bite, and have been found in naturally ice-preserved form.[17][21][22]

Blue Babe is the 36,000-year-old mummy of a male steppe bison which was discovered north of Fairbanks, Alaska, in July 1979.[23] The mummy was noticed by a gold miner who named the mummy Blue Babe – "Babe" for Paul Bunyan's mythical giant ox, permanently turned blue when he was buried to the horns in a blizzard (Blue Babe's own bluish cast was caused by a coating of vivianite, a blue iron phosphate covering much of the specimen).[1] Blue Babe is also frequently referenced when talking about scientists eating their own specimens: the research team that was preparing it for permanent display in the University of Alaska Museum removed a portion of the mummy's neck, stewed it, and dined on it to celebrate the accomplishment.[24][25]

In 2011, a 9,300-year-old mummy was found at Yukagir in Siberia.[26]

In 2016, a frozen tail was discovered in the north of the Republic of Sakha in Russia. The exact age was not clear, but tests showed it was not younger than 8,000 years old.[27][28] A team of Russian and South Korean scientists proposed extracting DNA from the specimen and cloning it in the future.[27][28]


en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe_bison

[Gorilla king]

BISON OCCIDENTALIS


Bison occidentalis is an extinct species of bison that lived in North America, and potentially in Siberia[2] and the Japanese archipelago[3] from about 11,700 to 5,000 years ago, spanning the end of the Pleistocene to the mid-Holocene.[4]






Likely evolving from Bison antiquus, B. occidentalis was smaller overall from its most direct ancestor, but was similar to the distant ancestor the steppe bison (Bison priscus) in size. B. occidentalis had a highly variable morphology, and their horns, which pointed rearward, were much thinner and pointed than other Pleistocene species of bison.[4]

B. occidentalis, like other bison species, may have existed in small, scattered populations and been unable to increase in numbers until after the Pleistocene epoch ended 10,000 years ago because of competition with other large grazers during the Pleistocene.[5]

EvolutionEdit

B. occidentalis's decrease in size from Bison antiquus was likely caused by both human hunting and natural selection.[6] The smaller size likely helped B. occidentalis increase in population after migrating into North America. As Bison antiquus was forced to lived on open grasslands and faced pressure from human hunting, it responded by downsizing into B. occidentalis. Hybridization of these two bison species produced the modern Bison bison, which further decreased body size and increased population.[6] The wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) preserves some original traits of B. occidentalis which was more similar to the ancestral steppe bison, making the wood bison more primitive than the plains bison (Bison bison bison).[2]

More recently ancient DNA studies have proven interbreeding between B. occidentalis and Bison bison, so B. occidentalis was proposed to have been a localized offshoot of B. antiquus and part of the transition from that chronospecies to modern bison.[citation needed]


en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_occidentalis

[Gorilla king]

allaboutbison.com/ancient-bison/

[Gorilla king]

A MULTIPROXY ANALYSIS OF BISON LATIFRONS PALEOECOLOGY DURING THE LATE PLEISTOCENE OF GEORGIA

Abstract

Bison was widespread across North America during the late Pleistocene, and is still represented by the extant Plains Bison ( Bison bison bison) and Wood Bison ( B. b. athabascae). The Pleistocene Giant Bison, B. latifrons, is best known from specimens collected across the Great Plains. The species is characterized by extremely long horn-cores and is generally associated with browsing habits in open woodland landscapes. The dentition is identical to the temporally sympatric B. antiquus which appears to have inhabited more open habitats south and west of B. latifrons’ range. In the absence of associated horn-cores, most Late Pleistocene bison fossils collected in the southeast are identified tentatively as Bison sp. Associated horn-core, dental, and postcranial material identified as B. latifrons have been recovered from Clark Quarry near Brunswick, Georgia, and radiocarbon dated to approximately 21,000 YBP. As a result, these fossils provide a unique opportunity to investigate B. latifrons within a high-resolution paleoecological framework. In this study, we use astragalar morphology, mesowear signature, and enamel carbon isotope ratios as proxy indicators of the paleoecology of B. latifrons in Georgia. Although we have a limited number of specimens, astragalar morphology suggests adaptations for open habitats. Mesowear analysis indicates wear patterns consistent with mixed feeding taxa. Carbon isotope ratios also suggest C 3/C 4 mixed feeding, with perhaps 60% C 4 grass consumption. At the time that the fossil fauna accumulated at Clark Quarry, the locality was roughly 100 km from the coast. Biome reconstructions for the area prior to and during the last glacial maximum suggests warm mixed forest characterized by pines, grasses and sedges. The inferred plant community is consistent with a mixed feeding ecology for B. latifrons. In terms of modern analogues, the Giant Bison appears to have been more ecologically similar to the modern Wood Bison than the Plains Bison.


www.researchgate.net/publication/301311387_A_MULTIPROXY_ANALYSIS_OF_BISON_LATIFRONS_PALEOECOLOGY_DURING_THE_LATE_PLEISTOCENE_OF_GEORGIA

[Gorilla king]

First record of Bison antiquus from the Late Pleistocene of southern Mexico


Abstract

In Mexico, just 54 % of the reported Pleistocene Bison material has been identified to species. Current paleontological research in northwestern Oaxaca, southern Mexico, has allowed collection of several specimens of Bison antiquus that are part of the Viko Vijin Local Fauna. B. antiquus had a very wide geographic distribution, from lowlands to mountainous landscapes of North and Central America. The B. antiquus record from southern Mexico links their former records from central Mexico and middle Central America and confirms this wide geographic distribution. The univariate mesowear score of the B. antiquus specimens from Oaxaca is in the lower extreme of grazers and the upper end of mixed-feeders, suggesting that they had a less abrasive diet than the modern plains Bison, as has been observed in other samples of this species from diverse parts of North America. The presence of B. antiquus in the Viko Vijin L. F. constrains the age of this fossil assemblage within a range from 60 Ka to 11.7 Ka.


www.researchgate.net/publication/233415730_First_record_of_Bison_antiquus_from_the_Late_Pleistocene_of_southern_Mexico

[Gorilla king]

A combined mesowear analysis of Mexican Bison antiquus shows a generalist diet with geographical variation


Abstract

Bison antiquus Leidy, 1852 was one of the largest and most widely distributed megafaunal species during the Late Pleistocene in North America, giving rise to the modern plains bison in the middle Holocene. Despite the importance of the ancient bison, little is known about its feeding ecology. We employed a combination of extended mesowear, and mesowear III to infer the dietary preference and habitat use of three Mexican samples of B. antiquus . These included two northern samples—La Piedad-Santa Ana and La Cinta-Portalitos—from the Transmexican Volcanic Belt morphotectonic Province, as well as one southern sample—Viko Vijin—from the Sierra Madre del Sur morphotectonic province. We found that the northern Mexican samples were primarily nonstrict grazers, whereas the southern sample displays a pattern consistent with mixed feeding habits. This suggests variability among the diets of the bison from these samples, caused by different paleoenvironments. This evidence complements the paleoenvironmental reconstructions in the studied localities; for the northern samples, open prairies composed of patches of woodland or shrubland and, for the southern locality, a fluvial floodplain with short-lived vegetation. In both scenarios, grasses (Poaceae) were nondominant. The dietary habits of our samples of ancient bison in Mexico are the southernmost dietary inference for the species in North America and expand our knowledge of the dietary habits of B. antiquus during the Late Pleistocene.


www.researchgate.net/publication/325856507_A_combined_mesowear_analysis_of_Mexican_Bison_antiquus_shows_a_generalist_diet_with_geographical_variation

[Gorilla king]

Rise and Fall of the Beringian Steppe Bison


Abstract and Figures

The widespread extinctions of large mammals at the end of the Pleistocene epoch have often been attributed to the depredations of humans; here we present genetic evidence that questions this assumption. We used ancient DNA and Bayesian techniques to reconstruct a detailed genetic history of bison throughout the late Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. Our analyses depict a large diverse population living throughout Beringia until around 37,000 years before the present, when the population's genetic diversity began to decline dramatically. The timing of this decline correlates with environmental changes associated with the onset of the last glacial cycle, whereas archaeological evidence does not support the presence of large populations of humans in Eastern Beringia until more than 15,000 years later.


www.researchgate.net/publication/8159367_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Beringian_Steppe_Bison

[Gorilla king]

Fairbanks scientists stunned to find intact 40,000-year-old steppe bison



University of Alaska Fairbanks researcher Daniel Mann holds a steppe bison skull, part of a rare complete skeleton he and fellow researcher Pamela Groves uncovered. The bison, nicknamed “Bison Bob” by researchers, dated from 40,000 years ago and still had some fur attached.



www.adn.com/science/article/fairbanks-scientists-stunned-find-intact-40000-year-old-steppe-bison/2013/01/26/?outputType=amp-type

[tyrannosaurs]

Finally! The thread is OPEN!!!!!


HERE IS A SOURCE! TAKE IS KING KODIAK, TAKE ITT!!!!!!!

The relationship between body size and temperature of mammals is poorly resolved, especially for large keystone species such as bison (Bison bison). Bison are well represented in the fossil record across North America, which provides an opportunity to relate body size to climate within a species. We measured the length of a leg bone (calcaneal tuber, DstL) in 849 specimens from 60 localities that were dated by stratigraphy and ¹⁴C decay. We estimated body mass (M) as M = (DstL/11.49)³. Average annual temperature was estimated from δ¹⁸O values in the ice cores from Greenland. Calcaneal tuber length of Bison declined over the last 40,000 years, that is, average body mass was 37% larger (910 ± 50 kg) than today (665 ± 21 kg). Average annual temperature has warmed by 6°C since the Last Glacial Maximum (~24–18 kya) and is predicted to further increase by 4°C by the end of the 21st century. If body size continues to linearly respond to global temperature, Bison body mass will likely decline by an additional 46%, to 357 ± 54 kg, with an increase of 4°C globally. The rate of mass loss is 41 ± 10 kg per°C increase in global temperature. Changes in body size of Bison may be a result of migration, disease, or human harvest but those effects are likely to be local and short‐term and not likely to persist over the long time scale of the fossil record. The strong correspondence between body size of bison and air temperature is more likely the result of persistent effects on the ability to grow and the consequences of sustaining a large body mass in a warming environment. Continuing rises in global temperature will likely depress body sizes of bison, and perhaps other large grazers, without human intervention.

www.researchgate.net/publication/324433520_Bison_body_size_and_climate_change

[Gorilla king]

Finally! The thread is OPEN!!!!!

Yes it is buddy, open for business, the largest bisons. Nice source by the way.

[Gorilla king]

MEASUREMENTS OF SKULLS OF EXTINCT BISONS:







books.google.com/books?id=SDhGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA16&dq=Bison+latifrons+skull&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjwwpT-rNfyAhUVVTABHWdOBJQ4FBDoAXoECAgQAw

[Gorilla king]

A Reexamination of the Paleoindian Bison Kill at the Alexon Site, Florida


Abstract and Figures

A chert object embedded in the cranium of a bison found at the Alexon site, Florida, is cited as direct evidence of human and megafauna interaction at the end of the Pleistocene in the American Southeast. Previous analyses identified the chert object as the mid-section of a lanceolate projectile point. Radiocarbon ages on unpurified bison collagen from two separate bison elements yielded Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene ages. We were able to relocate the site and examine the stratigraphy, but our attempts to radiocarbon date the bone failed. We obtained micro-computed tomography scans and used digital imaging software to generate a three-dimensional rendering of the embedded object. Finally, the skull and embedded object were visually examined. We conclude that the object embedded in the skull is not an artifact and that the Alexon site is a paleontological locality.




www.researchgate.net/publication/351630810_A_Reexamination_of_the_Paleoindian_Bison_Kill_at_the_Alexon_Site_Florida

[arctozilla]

There were once a time (Pleistocene and early Holocene) a lot of bison species but now the only living members of genus are the American bison and the European bison.

[Gorilla king]

Book: Frozen Fauna of the Mammoth Steppe

Cranial shock absorbers. Bisons fight with their heads, clashing frontals against frontals, in violent concussions which create a dangerous shock to the brain. Bison skulls have a structure that reduces this shock by smoothing the transmission wave and by carrying the blow away from the brain.








books.google.com.au/books?id=cuQhsNQcKMYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Frozen+Fauna+of+the+Mammoth+Steppe:+The+Story+of+Blue+Babe+pdf&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjLzKjM5o7eAhVMRY8KHeSoCfgQ6AEIKTAA#v=snippet&q=clashing%20heads&f=false

[oldindigosilverback]

I think bisons have the strongest skulls among the bovines.

[Gorilla king]

A detailed life history of a pleistocene steppe bison (Bison priscus) skeleton unearthed in Arctic Alaska

Abstract

Detailed paleoecological evidence from Arctic Alaska’s past megafauna can help reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions and can illustrate ecological adaptation to varying environments. We examined a rare, largely articulated and almost complete skeleton of a steppe bison (Bison priscus) recently unearthed in Northern Alaska. We used a multi-proxy paleoecological approach to reconstruct the past ecology of an individual representing a key ancient taxon. Radiocarbon dating of horn keratin revealed that the specimen has a finite radiocarbon age ~46,000 ± 1000 cal yr BP, very close to the limit of radiocarbon dating. We also employed Bayesian age modeling of the mitochondrial genome, which estimated an age of ~33,000e87,000 cal yr BP. Our taphonomic investigations show that the bison was scavenged post-mortem and infested by blowflies before burial. Stable carbon and oxygen isotope (d13C and d15N) analyses of sequentially sampled horn keratin reveal a seasonal cycle; furthermore, high d15N values during its first few years of life are consistent with patterns observed in modern bison that undertook dispersal. We compared sequential analyses of tooth enamel for strontium isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr) to a spatial model of 87Sr/86Sr values providing evidence for dispersal across the landscape. Synthesis of the paleoecological findings indicates the specimen lived during interstadial conditions. Our multi-proxy, paleoecological approach, combining light and heavy isotope ratios along with genetic information, adds to the broader understanding of ancient bison ecology during the Late Pleistocene, indicating that ancient bison adopted different degrees of paleo-mobility according to the prevailing paleoecological conditions and climate.


www.researchgate.net/publication/344648612_A_detailed_life_history_of_a_pleistocene_steppe_bison_Bison_priscus_skeleton_unearthed_in_Arctic_Alaska

[Gorilla king]

First Complete Skull of a Late Pleistocene Steppe Bison ( Bison priscus ) in the Iberian Peninsula


Abstract and Figures

The Kiputz IX site has provided one of the best-preserved late Pleistocene bison populations in the southern Pyrenees and has yielded the first almost complete skull of a steppe bison (Bison priscus) in the Iberian Peninsula. This Bison priscus skull is compared on morphological and osteometric grounds with other specimens of steppe bison from Europe and North America. The skull from Kiputz IX falls within the range of the extinct subspecies Bison priscus mediator. Available data support the evidence of three chronological subspecies of Bison priscus (Bison priscus gigas, Bison priscus priscus, and Bison priscus mediator) during the Middle and late Pleistocene.



The bison skull from Kiputz IX site (Mutriku, Gipuzkoa, Southern Pyrenees) in frontal view. Scale bar= 10 cm.


www.researchgate.net/publication/310749649_First_Complete_Skull_of_a_Late_Pleistocene_Steppe_Bison_Bison_priscus_in_the_Iberian_Peninsula

[Gorilla king]

Morphological peculiarity of the fossil bison (Bison priscus) from Yakutia


Abstract

The steppe bison ( Bison priscus ) is one of the most widespread and numerous representatives of the mammoth fauna. However, the features of the extinction of steppe bison at the end of the Pleistocene and their replacement by modern forms of the American bison ( Bison bison ) and European bison ( Bison bonasus ) have not yet been fully studied. Thus, complete skulls of fossil steppe bison are of great interest for studies on taxonomy and kinship relations in the genus Bison . This article presents the results of a study of the finely preserved skull of a fossil bison found in the Verkhoyansk district (Yakutia). This skull was compared by its morphological and osteometric features with other bison skulls, which were found at different times and locations in Upper Pleistocene deposits, as well as with the skulls of modern American bison Bison bison from the collection of the Zoological Museum of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. Standard morphometric indicators of bison skulls and horns were obtained using the Skinner and Kaisen measurement methods. Analysis showed that skulls of Bison priscus from Late Pleistocene sediments of Yakutia, according to most parameters, correspond to the maximum size of modern American bison Bison bison or even larger than the latter. The horns of bison from the Late Pleistocene are 1.5–2 times larger in size than the horns of modern bison and are comparable to those of the Middle Pleistocene long-horned bison B. p. crassicornis Richardson (= longicornis ). The disproportion in the size of the skull and horns of the Late Pleistocene bison is due to their habitat in the open landscapes of the Arctic steppe. The morphological uniqueness of the steppe bison of the Late Pleistocene in Yakutia has prospects for further research, because it deserves to be identified as an independent taxon (subspecies), which is relevant for regional paleontology and stratigraphy.


www.researchgate.net/publication/379735351_Morphological_peculiarity_of_the_fossil_bison_Bison_priscus_from_Yakutia