|
|
Post by oldcyansilverback on Jan 5, 2022 10:36:17 GMT -5
The Carpathian brown bear is surprisingly able to surpass the Svalbard polar bear in weight and is probably the heaviest of the Eurasian brown bears.
|
|
|
|
Post by Gorilla king on Jan 24, 2022 17:34:35 GMT -5
Diseases and mortality in free-ranging brown bear (Ursus arctos), gray wolf (Canis lupus), and Wolverine (Gulo gulo) in Sweden
Abstract and Figures
Ninety-eight brown bears (Ursus arctos), 20 gray wolves (Canis lupus), and 27 wolverines (Gulo gulo), all free-ranging, were submitted to the National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden, during 1987-2001 for investigation of diseases and causes of mortality. The most common cause of natural death in brown bears was infanticide. Infanticide also was observed in wolverines but not in wolves. Traumatic injuries, originating from road or railway accidents, were the most common cause of death in wolves and occurred occasionally in brown bears. Most wolverines were submitted as forensic cases in which illegal hunting/poaching was suspected. Sarcoptic mange was observed in several wolves but not in brown bears or wolverines. Sarcoptic mange most likely was acquired from infected red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) that were killed by wolves. Other parasites and infectious diseases were only found sporadically.
Causes of mortality in brown bears (Ursus arctos) examined at the National Veterinary Institute, Sweden, in the years 1987-2001.
RESULTS
Brown bear Causes of mortality in brown bears are shown in Table 1. The most frequent cause of natural death was traumatic injury; 16 bears (16% of total submissions) were killed by other bears. All but one of these cases were young bears, and based on sup-porting observations from the field,these were these were classified as infanticide. Nine of these bears were less than 1 yr old, and six were 1–2 yr old. Eight were females, and seven were males. One bear was an adult female, and in this case, a male bear killed both cub and sow. Road accidents were the cause of mortality in five bears (5%). Three bears (3%), all younger than 1 yr, died from starvation. Most forensic cases involved bears killed by hunters in self-defense during moose hunting. Seven bears were killed with special permission, because they were repeatedly appearing inside villages and/or eating from garbage bins. Nine and 41 bears were examined for intestinal parasites and Trichinella spp., respectively. No parasites were detected
www.researchgate.net/publication/7652347_Diseases_and_mortality_in_free-ranging_brown_bear_Ursus_arctos_gray_wolf_Canis_lupus_and_Wolverine_Gulo_gulo_in_Sweden#pf2
|
|
|
|
Post by Gorilla king on Jan 24, 2022 20:54:28 GMT -5
Some cases of intraspecific deaths in Eurasian brown bears in Spain:Mortality Causes in Free-Ranging Eurasian Brown Bears (Ursus arctos arctos) in Spain 1998–2018
Abstract and Figures
This work summarizes the mortality cases of twenty-five free-ranging Eurasian wild brown bears (Ursus arctos arctos) from the Cantabrian mountain range submitted for necropsy in Asturias and Castilla y León (northwestern Spain) from 1998 to 2018. Mortality cases were classified both caused by (i) "non-human intervention" or "human intervention” causes and based on (ii) "non-infectious" or "infectious" etiology. In four cases (16%) it was not possible to determine the cause of death due to the inadequate preservation of collected specimens or insufficient tissue availability. Based on "non-human intervention" or "human intervention” causes, fourteen of the 21 (66.7%) brown bears died as a consequence of "non-human intervention" due to traumatic lesions (fights, unknown traumas or infanticide), infectious canine hepatitis, neoplasia or mushroom poisoning. In contrast, seven (33.3%) brown bears died by “human intervention” due to illegal hunting (shooting or snare), handling (during transit in an attempt to reintroduce a bear back into the wild) or strychnine poisoning. Based on "non-infectious" or "infectious" etiology, twelve of the 21 (57.1%) brown bears died due to "non-infectious” causes, namely traumatic lesions such as shooting, snare, fighting or infanticide, handling, strychnine poisoning, mushroom poisoning or neoplasia. The remaining nine (42.9%) animals died due to “infectious” diseases which included gangrenous myositis, infectious canine hepatitis or septicemia. In six of those cases traumatic lesions caused by non-human or human activities were complicated with bacterial infection (clostridiosis and septicemia) which finally caused the death of those animals. Additionally, exertional myopathy was observed in the handled animal and in one bear found in a snare. In a free-ranging population of Eurasian brown bear from the Cantabrian mountain range, main causes of death are attributed to non-human related traumatic lesions and infectious diseases (primary developed such as infectious canine hepatitis or secondary developed such as clostridiosis or septicemia) which is in contrast to previously reported data for other bear populations. These data are valuable and may help in the conservation and management of this recovering population.
 www.researchgate.net/publication/344001131_Mortality_Causes_in_Free-Ranging_Eurasian_Brown_Bears_Ursus_arctos_arctos_in_Spain_1998-2018
|
|
|
|
Post by Gorilla king on Feb 4, 2022 21:36:38 GMT -5
|
|
|
|
Post by oldcyansilverback on Feb 5, 2022 0:33:15 GMT -5
Two small bears might be cubs . Even female Eurasian brown bears are larger and stronger than leopards.
|
|
|
|
Post by Gorilla king on Feb 21, 2022 13:16:04 GMT -5
Population status of Brown bear in the Republic of Macedonia
Summary
The Brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) is the largest of the carnivore species found in the Republic of Macedonia. Indeed, it is clear from surveys of public opinion that it enjoys considerable popularity in the country. It is a species with a number of habitat requirements, including a need for core areas of habitat that are connected to each other by ecological corridors,.ideally set within traditionally managed landscapes dominated by.grassland and grazing animals. In this respect, the presence of viable populations of bear can be indicative of general ecosystem health and the availability of conditions that will benefit large carnivores such as lynx and wolf, and a range of other animals and plants and the habitats within which they can prosper. During the past two decades several projects and programmes have addressed the status and conservation of the Brown bear population in the Republic of Macedonia, led by the Macedonian Ecological Society in.cooperation with other international organizations from the region and beyond. The result has been a compilation of more reliable data on the present status of the Brown bear population that will allow preparation of ground for the effective conservation and management of the species in the future. The Macedonian Brown bears belong to the same nominal subspecies as the whole European Brown bear population. Once present all over the country, inhabiting lowland forests, flood plains and natural meadows, today the Brown bear population is restricted to the mountainous forest areas in the western, central and southern parts of the country. Both the restricted distribution and the decline of the population are a result of the intensive hunting, destruction and fragmentation of the bear’s habitat and other disturbances by humans. The current population estimates vary between 160-200 Brown bears. In 2008, MES in cooperation with ECNC-European Centre for Nature Conservation began a long-term project on the development of a National Ecological Network in Macedonia. The project aims to improve the development of the Macedonian National Ecological Network (NEN) as part of the Pan-European Ecological Network. In doing so it aims to raise the profile of and to consolidate the existing protected areas within the country and to provide recommendations for new sites to be designated, all as part of protecting the core of the NEN. Given its iconic status, the Brown bear has been chosen as a flagship species to promote and further develop the network of ecological corridors for the large carnivores in Macedonia, as well as providing a platform for more efficient work towards biodiversity protection in general. This document therefore compiles all reliable data on the status, ecology and biology of the Brown bear in Macedonia in order to allow identification of the gaps in the current knowledge about the Brown bear population and identification of the appropriate conservation measures for the species in the future.
www.researchgate.net/publication/338336879_Population_status_of_Brown_bear_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia
|
|
|
|
Post by Gorilla king on Dec 10, 2022 20:06:50 GMT -5
Morphometrical features of the head skeleton in brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Bulgaria
Abstract and Figures
Mihaylov, R., R. DiMitRov, E. RaichEv, D. Kostov, K. staMatova-yiovchEva, D. Zlatanova and B. BivolaRsKi, 2013. Morphometrical features of the head skeleton in brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Bulgaria. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 19: 331-337 Fifteen craniometrical indices of the head skeletons in forty brown bears (Ursus arctos) found in Bulgaria were studied. Data for the greatest length of the head skeleton and condylobasal length as well as the results of those motivated us to pro-pose that the greatest length of the head skeleton in Bulgarian population of brown bears is from 280 mm to 350 mm, and the condylobasal length is from 276 mm to 304mm. Our results for length skull (cranium) and face showеd that face length were 35.33% of head skeleton length. the length, rostral and caudal width of the bone palate demonstrated that the palate widened in caudal direction. the basal length of the skull was with close value to bone palate length and it could be accepted that the caudal edge of the bone palate was approximately in the middle of the ventral surface of head skeleton. the zygomatic width of the specimens was 59% from the greatest length of the head skeleton.
www.researchgate.net/publication/236685149_Morphometrical_features_of_the_head_skeleton_in_brown_bear_Ursus_arctos_in_Bulgaria
|
|
|
|
Post by Gorilla king on Dec 29, 2022 18:59:37 GMT -5
Do brown bears hibernate in captivity?
Abstract
Introduction Around fifty brown bears (Ursus arctos) lives in captvity in Bulgaria in licensed and unlicensed zoos and parks. The brown bear is an endangered species in Bulgaria and is included in Annexes II and III of the Biological Diversity Act. The critical period for survival and reproduction for the brown bear is hibernation, when any anxiety can be fatal. Given that, knowledge of the conditions in captivity during the period of preparation and staying in the den or winter cage is extremely important. Moreover, global climate change and associated regional climate variability are impacting the phenology of many species and this should be taken into consideration in the husbandry procedures of the species. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the parameters of the environment and husbandry procedures related to the period of hibernation in captivity, as well as whether the age and individual history of the animals influence this process. Materials and methods We studies all 46 brown bears living in captivity in Bulgaria in the winter period of 2021-2022. Of them, 19 (14 female and 8 male) live in Belitsa Bear Park and the rest 27 (14 female and 13 male) are living in 11 zoos with different rearing conditions. Data on the hibernation conditions and each bear's individual history was collected. The correlation relationships between sex and hibernation was studies through phi coefficient as it is a measure of the association between two dichotomous variables. The relationship between age and hibernation was determined by point-biserial correlation for one continuous variable and one dichotomous variable.
www.researchgate.net/publication/365823716_Do_brown_bears_hibernate_in_captivity
|
|
|
|
Post by Gorilla king on Jan 25, 2023 9:47:44 GMT -5
|
|
|
|
Post by brobear on Jan 25, 2023 9:54:22 GMT -5
Belarus:  |
|
|
|
Post by Gorilla king on Aug 10, 2024 12:11:27 GMT -5
|
|
