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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 21, 2021 6:15:27 GMT -5
Accepted scientific name: Ursus arctos arctos (Carl Linnaeus, 1758)
Description: Ranging from almost black to near-white the fur is more usually brown and is fairly dense. The head is quite round and the skull is wide. Paws and claws are large and males typically weigh between 265 and 355 kg (583–780 lb). Females range between around 100 and 250 kg. The largest Eurasian brown bear recorded weighed 481 kg and was almost 2.5 metres in length.
Range: Found in northern Eurasia. There are believed to be over 100,000 brown bears in Russia, about 36,000 of which are in in European Russia. Elsewhere in Europe there are a total of around 17,000 brown bears, around 5,000 to 6,000 of these being found in the Carpathian Mountains area of Romania, the largest single population outside Russia.
The remaining distribution is scattered and disconnected with small populations in the Spanish/French Pyrenees (around 43 bears), the Cantabrian Mountains in Spain (around 230 to 300 bears – in 2018 some 330 bears were counted in the mountains, according to the environmentalist foundation Oso Pardo), and the Alps in Italy, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia (around 50 bears in total). There are an estimated 40 to 60 Marsican brown bears in the Apennine Mountains in Italy. Some of these populations may be too small to be sustainable. In Scandinavia the population is connected to the very large population of Russia. The population in the Balkans, mainly in Croatia and Slovenia, is relatively large but disconnected from the major population of Europe.
Brown bear distribution in Europe 2006-2011. Dark cells: permanent occurrence, Grey cells: sporadic occurrence. Red borders mark countries for which information was available. Source: Kaczensky, P., Chapron, G., von Arx, M., Huber, D., Andrén, H., and Linnell, J. 2013. Status, management and distribution of large carnivores – bear, lynx, wolf & wolverine – in Europe. Part 1 – Europe summaries. Report: 1-72. A Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe Report prepared for the European Commission.
Habitat: European populations are now restricted mainly to mountain woodland areas.
Status: Brown bears are listed as “of least concern” by the IUCN and listed in CITES Appendix II but are endangered in much of Europe with the small, isolated populations in southern Europe especially at risk.
Life span: 20 to 30 years in the wild.
Food: The bears are omnivorous and feed on fruits, seeds, roots, insects, fish, mammals and carrion.
Behaviour: The bears reach sexual maturity between the ages of three and six years. Mating occurs between May and July. The bears go into winter dens usually in October, November or early December and emerge in March, April or May. Cubs are born in the den in January and February, litters usually being of two or three cubs but can be of one or four. They will remain with the mother for two to three years during which time she will not become pregnant again. Except for mating and for mothers with cubs, brown bears are solitary.
Threats: Hunting, habitat loss and conflict with humans (particularly due to the clear-cutting of forests), and, increasingly, poaching on a commercial scale to obtain gall bladders and other body parts for use in medicine.
www.bearconservation.org.uk/eurasian-brown-bear/
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 21, 2021 6:23:09 GMT -5
STATUS AND MANAGEMENT OF THE BROWN BEAR IN EUROPE
Abstract: The total number of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Europe is presently about 50,000 (about 14,000 outside Russia), within an area of more than 2.5 million km2 (800,000 km2 outside Russia). About 37,500 bears are found in the northeastern Europeanpopulation; 8,100 in the Carpathian Mountains; 2,800 in the Alps-Dinaric-Pindos; 1,000 in Scandinavia; 520 in the Rila-Rhodope Mountains; 200 in the Stara Planina Mountains; 50- 65 in the western Cantabrian Mountains; 40-80 in Apennine Mountains; 20 in the eastern Cantabrian Mountains; 6 in the Western Pyrenees; 5 in the Central Pyrenees; and 4 in the southern Alps. The brown bear is either a protected or game species in all of the countries discussed in this paper. Most
countries manage the brown bear at the national level, although several ministries are often involved. All European countries with bears within their national borders (except Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Yugoslav Federation) have signed the Bern Convention; almost half have prepared, or are
preparing, a management plan for brown bears. In addition, most countries engage in monitoring, research, information dissemination, and conservation activities. In areas where bear range includes human settlements, damage to livestock, orchards, and beehives occurs but, in most countries,
stakeholders are compensated for damage, either by the state, regional government, or hunter clubs. In 1995-96 about 1.15 million US$ was paid to compensate such damage throughout Europe.
www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.bearbiology.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Zedrossser_Dahle_Vol_12.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwj7_Pv2g_TxAhXCKs0KHTWhCpkQFjAVegQICxAC&usg=AOvVaw1FOkSuAy3xKUU1BnUiEgxK
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 21, 2021 6:35:16 GMT -5
Carpathian Brown Bear: First Aid
The Carpathian Brown Bear (Ursus arctos
arctos)
With a life expectancy of ca. 30 years, the King of the Carpathian forests can reach a body length of almost 3 m, shoulder-height around 1,5 m and weight up to 600 kg. It can run though with speeds up to 60 km/h.
In Europe (except Russia) there is still an estimated population of 14.000 specimens. More than HALF of them live in Romania (around 7000!). Unfortunately because of poaching and illegal/legal hunting, their number is in decline
It’s not the bears to blame for the recent tragedies reported in Mass-Media. There are also exceptions implying wounded or rabies-infected animals that would react different, but bears are actually afraid of humans.
Bears only attack when:
they have cubs and they feel threatenedthey are wounded and feel vulnerablethey are close to their praythey’re being chased away repeatedly using stones, sticks, making them angry
In case you meet one:
Don’t make sudden moves, it might think you want to attack and it will chase you. A bear can run with 60km/h, you don’t stand a chance. Even Usain Bolt wouldn’t.Slowly step sideways, using small steps and bow down, placing SLOWLY your hands above your head. This way, it MIGHT not see you as a threat.do not stop and stare into its eyes.Avoid taking closeup photos, and if you are still too Dumb to do it, NEVER use flash!If you make noise when far enough, they will usually avoid you and run away and/or just mind their own business.
Please don’t give another reason for Media to brag with a new bear attack!
Stay safe and bear-less!
www.google.com/amp/s/www.flyfishingromania.com/carpathian-brown-bear-first-aid/amp/
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 21, 2021 6:38:39 GMT -5
EURASIAN BROWN BEAR (URSUS ARCTOS ARCTOS)
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 21, 2021 7:00:13 GMT -5
LORD OF THE CARPATHIANS
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 21, 2021 7:05:49 GMT -5
CARPATHIAN BROWN BEAR-POLAND (URSUS ARCTOS ARCTOS), PROBLEM INDIVIDUALS:
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 21, 2021 7:07:11 GMT -5
JUUSO, FINLAND’S 1000 LB BROWN BEAR:
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 21, 2021 7:08:53 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 21, 2021 8:36:37 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 21, 2021 8:38:16 GMT -5
Fossil brown bears of Slovakia
Abstract
The fossil remains of bears are very frequently found in the karst sediments of the Western Carpathians. Besides cave bears, two taxa of fossil brown bears (Ursus taubacbensis, Ursus arctos priscus) have been present in the Slovak territory during the Late Pleistocene Period too. Recent European brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos) is appearing in the Western Carpathians Mountains at the beginning of the Holocene or already at the end of the Pleistocene Period respectively. So far, osteological remains of arctoid bears have been described from 23 Slovak localities. The most frequently, these remains belong to the taxon Ursus arctos ssp. or to the recent subspecies Ursus arctos arctos. The fossil findings of brown bears from the Late Pleistocene are less frequent.
www.researchgate.net/publication/282559099_Fossil_brown_bears_of_Slovakia
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 21, 2021 8:42:41 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 21, 2021 8:45:44 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 21, 2021 8:47:51 GMT -5
Ants: A food source sought by Slovenian brown bears (Ursus arctos)?
Abstract and Figures
In the heavily managed boreal forest of Scandinavia, ants, especially large colonies of red forest ants (Formica spp.), are abundant and brown bears (Ursus arctos) intensively feed on them. In contrast, the beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests of Slovenia provide only suboptimal habitat for ants and large ant colonies are virtually absent. To quantify how much ant use by brown bears is a matter of availability or preference, we quantified ant availability, species composition, and ant use. The estimated biomass of ants available to brown bears was very low in Slovenia compared with those in Sweden, averaging 135 vs. 9600 g/ha, respectively. Nevertheless, the frequency of occurrence of ants in Slovenian brown bear scats was high, averaging 85% and accounting for 25% of the ingested dry mass during the summer, which was nearly as much as their frequency of occurrence in Swedish brown bear scats during the summer. Although brown bears in Slovenia had year-round access to artificial feeding sites and the availability of ants is only about 1% of the biomass found in Sweden, they consumed about 50% of the quantity of ants compared with the brown bears in Sweden. Our results show that ants are an important and sought-after food source for brown bears in Slovenia, and the occurrence of ants should be considered in habitat-suitability models.
www.researchgate.net/publication/233511528_Ants_A_food_source_sought_by_Slovenian_brown_bears_Ursus_arctos
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 21, 2021 8:48:52 GMT -5
BODY SIZE VARIATION OF BROWN BEAR IN FINLAND
Abstract
Brown bear (Ursus arctos) can be predicted to have larger autumn body mass in the north than south because the duration of winter dormancy lengthens towards the north. We examined variation of body size among hunter-killed female and male brown bears within a latitudal range of 60 and 68°N in Finland. The body size of males (mass, contour length) decreased towards the north while our data did not indicate such a trend in females. Our results do not coincide with Bergmann's rule suggesting increasing body size with decreasing ambient temperature, probably owing to energy-saving winter dormancy during which brown bear is not overtly exposed to weather conditions. Secondly, possible differences in the quality of green forage might not largely influence
the nutrition of an omnivorous mammal.
... The size of female bears has important implications for individuals and populations, as it has been positively related to factors such as litter size, interbirth interval, and the size and survival of the young in studies comparing both populations and individuals within a population (Rogers 1976;Blanchard 1987;Stringham 1990aStringham , 1990bSchwartz and Franzmann 1991;Derocher and Stirling 1994, 1996, 1998Atkinson and Ramsay 1995;Samson and Huot 1995;Hilderbrand et al. 1999a). Several studies of bears have documented geographical differences in size (Derocher and Stirling 1998;Hilderbrand et al. 1999a;Ferguson and McLoughlin 2000;Kojola and Laitala 2001;Derocher and Wiig 2002). ...
... Other hypotheses suggest that size should be positively correlated with primary productivity (Rozenweig 1968), and, similarly, that female brown bears should be larger in areas with high population density, high primary productivity, and low seasonality (Ferguson and McLoughlin 2000), although Hilderbrand et al. (1999a) analyzed the amount of meat in the diet in almost the same populations of brown bears as Ferguson and McLoughlin (2000) and found that female body size correlated well with the proportion of meat in the diet. Kojola and Laitala (2001) found that the rate of growth among male, but not female, brown bears in Finland was positively correlated with the length of the growing season. Others have found little or no relationships between sizes of bears over large geographical areas (McNab 1971;Kingsley et al. 1988), or that many populations were similar in size, but some groups differed from others (Derocher and Stirling 1998;Ferguson and McLoughlin 2000). ...
... Except for Kojola and Laitala (2001), all of these studies have been conducted in North America. Also, these studies have often used a combination of spring and autumn body masses as a basis for comparison (see Stringham 1990aStringham , 1990bMcLellan 1994;Hilderbrand et al. 1999a;Ferguson and McLoughlin 2000). ...
. Salmon are not an available food source in northern Alaska, and although bears have access to abundant caribou (Rangifer tarandus) populations in some parts of the region (Mowat and Heard 2006;Reynolds and Garner 1987), access to these migratory caribou varies over space and time, resulting in bears having a primarily vegetarian diet (Hechtel 1985). In addition, bears at high latitudes have longer denning periods due to more severe climatic conditions (Ferguson and McLoughlin 2000;Kojola and Laitala 2001;Rausch 1969). A low-quality diet and a reduced period of active foraging would reduce the ultimate size bears can attain (Rode et al. 2001;Welch et al. 1997) and also influence productivity and population density. ...
... Brown bear populations in Alaska are clearly more complex than simplistic categories of ''brown'' versus ''grizzly'' bears. This variability reflects complex interactions between growth and body size and a diversity of factors including the availability of high-quality food resources (Hilderbrand et al. 1999b;Mowat and Heard 2006), climate (Ferguson and McLoughlin 2000;Kojola and Laitala 2001;Rausch 1969), population density (Zedrosser et al. 2006), and the intensity of polygyny (Capellini 2007;Leutenegger 1978;Weckerly 1998). Despite this variation, management actions such as sustainable exploitation rates (Miller 1990) are often accepted as fixed across diverse brown bear populations. ...
. Kennedy et al. (2002) examined body size in black bears ranging from the Eastern United States to Canada and found the largest bears residing in the southern states of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Both Rausch (1963) and Kojola and Laitala (2001) found that brown bears do adhere to Bergmann's Rule with the caveat that the influence of salmon must be considered (Meiri et al. 2004). A broad perspective on the relationship between bear body size and latitude is informative as context for managers as they assess geographic, regional, and local drivers of body size. ...
... Many species of mammalian predators demonstrate significant relationships between the quality of the environment, defined as the accessibility and the quality of the food, and their body mass. In richer environments, predators attain greater body mass (Cavallini 1995;Gorta´zar, Travaini & Delibes 2000;Kojola & Laitala 2001); however, this relationship is usually weakly expressed in small predators hunting on relatively small prey (Ve´zina 1985;Larivie`re & Creˆte 1993). Only in the stoat (Mustela erminea) is there the direct dependence between the index of mean body mass of the prey (calculated as the product of body mass and proportion of the potential prey in the prey community) and the average body mass of the predator (Erlinge 1987;King 1991). ...
www.researchgate.net/publication/251849585_Body_size_variation_of_brown_bear_in_Finland
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 21, 2021 16:35:09 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Aug 7, 2021 16:28:49 GMT -5
EUROPEAN BROWN BEARS FIGHTING IN FINLAND:
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Post by Gorilla king on Aug 9, 2021 10:46:33 GMT -5
Behavior of the European brown bear at rub trees
... Bear across the globe have been observed rubbing their back or other body parts on specific trees and several studies have demonstrated that this behaviour is a means of intra-specific communication (Tattoni et al., 2021;Filipczyková et al., 2017;Sato et al., 2014;Clapham et al., 2013a). Adult males have been observed to perform this behaviour more frequently than other age and sex classes, with rubbing frequency peaking during the mating season. ...
... This difference between bears and the other carnivores could be due to species-specific marking strategies. According to Morehouse and Boyce (2016), bears may have a preference for where to rub, and adult dominant males rub more frequently than subadults (Tattoni et al., 2021;Clapham et al., 2013a). As a result, we can expect rub trees within dominant males' home ranges to be used more frequently than other rub trees. ...
www.researchgate.net/publication/352886234_Behavior_of_the_European_brown_bear_at_rub_trees
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Post by arctozilla on Aug 15, 2021 5:44:04 GMT -5
I live in Italy and brown bears have been exirpated in most regions. They once lived in Calabria in the ages of grandparents until they went wiped out by poisoning and poaching. Now they only live in Parco Nazionale dell'Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise but their populations are by far small. I hope they gets reintroduced in Calabria.
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Post by Gorilla king on Jan 4, 2022 9:31:42 GMT -5
Behaviour of brown bears killing wild ungulates in the Cantabrian Mountains, Southwestern Europe
Abstract and Figures
Although brown bears (Ursus arctos) are known to be major predators of ungulates in North America and Northern Europe, there is little documentation regarding bear predation on wild ungulates in Southern Europe. We describe search, detection, killing and prey consumption behaviour by brown bears during seven attacks on <1-month roe deer, red deer and chamois fawns in spring in the Cantabrian Mountains, north-western Spain. As soon as the bears detected a fawn by their smell or their mother's presence, they switched from routine foraging on plants and insects to an intensive search for the fawns, mainly using smell to comb a 0.5–1ha area for 15–45min. They killed the fawns either while the latter were resting or after a brief chase. The bears usually took their prey to dense vegetation, consuming it immediately. In four cases, 5-month-old cubs accompanying the female did not participate in the hunt. We also document the apparently non-predatory killing of a 40-kg wild boar by a female bear with cubs surprised by a sudden encounter. They did not eat the boar after the attack. Keywords Ursus arctos –Brown bear–Predation–Wild ungulates–Cantabrian Mountains–Spain
www.researchgate.net/publication/225389864_Behaviour_of_brown_bears_killing_wild_ungulates_in_the_Cantabrian_Mountains_Southwestern_Europe
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Post by fluffyfatbear on Jan 5, 2022 2:24:09 GMT -5
The kings of the Carpathian mountains and the blood champion of the Roman games
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