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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 17, 2021 18:16:33 GMT -5
That's interesting bro, but we cant see any link from Google drive. Can you copy and paste the text?
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 18, 2021 5:35:22 GMT -5
That's interesting bro, but we cant see any link from Google drive. Can you copy and paste the text? A BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF APE AND HUMAN THORACIC VERTEBRAE USING QUANTITATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY BASED FINITE ELEMENT MODELS That's the title.
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 18, 2021 8:27:29 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 18, 2021 13:29:28 GMT -5
Here it is from the study above:
"Spontaneous vertebral fractures are common among humans, but not observed in apes"
"Human vertebrae showed significantly reduced bone strength relative to apes with similar body mass (p<0.01) and bone mineral content (p<0.01)"
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 18, 2021 13:38:34 GMT -5
tyrannosaurs This is a very good study actually, as there is one stupid guy on Carnivora forum that says humans are stronger than apes at similar sizes, this shows that apes have more bone strength which should correlate with having more strength overall:
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 18, 2021 14:03:17 GMT -5
Indeed. I do believe humans may be comparable to Chimps because of our greater size, but even they were known to maul people...
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 18, 2021 14:04:10 GMT -5
Who is that guy btw?
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 18, 2021 14:12:29 GMT -5
The famous lion boy "Boldchamp", he thinks a lioness is stronger and would destroy a Silverback, lmfao. The old hunters/naturalists would laugh in his face.
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 18, 2021 19:35:21 GMT -5
Human Faces Are Slower than Chimpanzee Faces: While humans (like other primates) communicate with facial expressions, the evolution of speech added a new function to the facial muscles (facial expression muscles). The evolution of speech required the development of a coordinated action between visual (movement of the lips) and auditory signals in a rhythmic fashion to produce “visemes” (visual movements of the lips that correspond to specific sounds). Visemes depend upon facial muscles to regulate shape of the lips, which themselves act as speech articulators. This movement necessitates a more controlled, sustained muscle contraction than that produced during spontaneous facial expressions which occur rapidly and last only a short period of time. Recently, it was found that human tongue musculature contains a higher proportion of slow-twitch myosin fibers than in rhesus macaques, which is related to the slower, more controlled movements of the human tongue in the production of speech. Are there similar unique, evolutionary physiologic biases found in human facial musculature related to the evolution of speech? Methodology/Prinicipal Findings Using myosin immunohistochemistry, we tested the hypothesis that human facial musculature has a higher percentage of slow-twitch myosin fibers relative to chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We sampled the orbicularis oris and zygomaticus major muscles from three cadavers of each species and compared proportions of fiber-types. Results confirmed our hypothesis: humans had the highest proportion of slow-twitch myosin fibers while chimpanzees had the highest proportion of fast-twitch fibers. Conclusions/significance These findings demonstrate that the human face is slower than that of rhesus macaques and our closest living relative, the chimpanzee. They also support the assertion that human facial musculature and speech co-evolved. Further, these results suggest a unique set of evolutionary selective pressures on human facial musculature to slow down while the function of this muscle group diverged from that of other primates. journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0110523
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 20, 2021 8:39:15 GMT -5
Humans are the highest energy apes, making us smarter—but also fatter: We may not be raring to go on a Monday morning, but humans are the Energizer Bunnies of the primate world. That’s the conclusion of a new study that, for the first time, measures precisely how many calories humans and apes burn each day. Compared with chimpanzees and other apes, our revved-up internal engines burn calories 27% faster, according to a paper in Nature this week. This higher metabolic rate equips us to quickly fuel energy-hungry brain cells, sustaining our bigger brains. And lest we run out of gas when food is short, the study also found that humans are fatter than other primates, giving us energy stores to draw on in lean times. “The brilliant thing here is showing for the first time that we do have a higher metabolic rate, and we do use more energy,” says paleoanthropologist Leslie Aiello, president of the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research in New York City. “Humans during evolution have become more and more hypermetabolic,” says biological anthropologist Carel van Schaik of the University of Zurich in Switzerland. “We turned up the thermostat.” For decades, researchers assumed that “there weren’t any differences in the rate at which different species burned calories,” says biological anthropologist Herman Pontzer of Hunter College in New York City, lead author of the new study. Comparing humans and other primates, they saw little difference in basal metabolic rate, which reflects the total calories used by our organs while we are at rest. But in many ways, we’re not like other apes: Our brains are at least three times larger, and we produce more babies in shorter intervals—both of which consume more energy. “It has been an open question—how do we do all these expensive things?” Pontzer says. For the past 2 decades, researchers looked for an answer in tradeoffs between the energy demands of different parts of the human body. For example, Aiello and her colleagues proposed that when our brains began to expand dramatically about 1.6 million years ago, our direct ancestor Homo erectus evolved a smaller gut that sucked up less energy (Science, 15 June 2007, p. 1560). Other teams suggested that humans reduced muscle mass to save energy; walked and ran more efficiently; or got extra calories faster by eating a higher quality diet, cooking food to cut down on the energy spent in digestion, and sharing food. Indeed, there seemed to be no shortage of human adaptations that conserve energy. Then, in 2010, researchers began to measure apes’ total energy expenditures (TEEs) accurately for the first time, rather than just their resting rate. Orangutans delivered the first surprise: They have an unexpectedly low metabolic rate, Pontzer says. So he and primatologist Stephen Ross of the Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago, Illinois, set about measuring TEE directly in as many apes as possible at 14 zoos and two ape sanctuaries in the United States and Africa. They fed 27 chimps, eight bonobos, 10 gorillas, and 11 orangutans water labeled with certain isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. Then they measured those two isotopes in the apes’ urine to see how the ratio changed over time. The ratio reveals how much carbon dioxide the animal had generated, which reflects how many calories it had burned. The technique is the “gold standard” for metabolic studies, and the researchers did a “terrific job” using it to compare the total calories burned daily by apes and humans, says biological anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. The team used the same method on 141 adults from five populations around the world. After taking body size into account, they found that humans averaged about 400 more calories per day than chimps and bonobos—635 calories more than gorillas and 820 calories more than orangutans. This meant that humans burned over 27% more energy per day on average than chimps. Although ideally all data would come from animals in the wild, other studies have shown that TEE rates in captive and wild apes are about the same, regardless of activity levels, Van Schaik notes. To be safe, the study matched relatively sedentary humans with captive apes. The team also measured body fat in people and other primates by analyzing isotopes in the urine, finding that humans had significantly more fat than even these zoo animals. “If you’re going to burn fuel faster, you better have a backup tank,” Pontzer says. Once early hominins had boosted their metabolism and grown bigger brains, he says, natural selection would have favored not only fatter individuals, but also smaller guts and other energy-saving adaptations, such as cooking and efficient walking. “What is fantastic about this paper is that Herman and his colleagues have effectively integrated all of the earlier ideas into a unified theory for energy and the evolution of human characteristics,” Aiello says. Van Schaik agrees. “There has to be more energy going into our systems,” he says. “Now, [Pontzer] has measured it, and it all fits together.” Next on Pontzer’s agenda is to try to figure out how and when human ancestors boosted their metabolisms above the levels of our ape ancestors, for example by analyzing rates of bone growth in fossils. That’s particularly intriguing to Aiello. “I’d really like to know,” she says, “when did fossil hominids get fat?” www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/05/humans-are-highest-energy-apes-making-us-smarter-also-fatter
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 23, 2021 5:37:51 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 23, 2021 7:24:53 GMT -5
From reply #31:
Good find there. Gorillas have 60.2% of white muscle fibers which are Fast-twitch muscle fIbers.
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 29, 2021 5:51:45 GMT -5
The effect of foot posture on capacity to apply free moments to the ground: implications for fighting performance in great apes: In contrast to most other primates, great apes have feet in which the heel supports body weight during standing, walking and running. One possible advantage of this plantigrade foot posture is that it may enhance fighting performance by increasing the ability to apply free moments (i.e. force couples) to the ground. We tested this possibility by measuring performance of human subjects when performing from plantigrade and digitigrade (standing on the ball of the foot and toes) postures. We found that plantigrade posture substantially increased the capacity to apply free moments to the ground and to perform a variety of behaviors that are likely to be important to fighting performance in great apes. As predicted, performance in maximal effort lateral striking and pushing was strongly correlated with free moment magnitude. All else being equal, these results suggest species that can adopt plantigrade posture will be able to apply larger free moments to the ground than species restricted to digitigrade or unguligrade foot posture. Additionally, these results are consistent with the suggestion that selection for physical competition may have been one of the factors that led to the evolution of the derived plantigrade foot posture of great apes. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312108/
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 29, 2021 7:40:42 GMT -5
Reply #32, that is one of my favorite scientific studies, that is a winner in other forums because it shows exactly how gorillas (and bears), both being plantigrade, have a fighting advantage over digitigrade opponents (felines), i have used this study many times in "hot" debates, lmfao. See i had posted it here:
Reply #8:
beargorillarealm.proboards.com/post/98/thread
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 29, 2021 12:18:15 GMT -5
Oh, alright. Yes, that's true! Where are you debating tho?
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 29, 2021 12:33:20 GMT -5
Oh, alright. Yes, that's true! Where are you debating tho? Well am not debating anymore at those forums, now i just focus on this forum that takes me enough time. But i was at WAW, Domain of the bears, World of Animals, Carnivora (lasted 1 day, lol), and of course started debating at Youtube for the first 2 years before i landed at these forums. So yeah, i have used that study pretty much everywhere.
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Aug 9, 2021 9:36:20 GMT -5
The anatomy of the pelvis in the gorilla: photos.app.goo.gl/gJyhauEAVCJpmt4n6Some old screenshots. I am going through some evidence right now to see what I have in my data collection.
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Aug 10, 2021 2:49:07 GMT -5
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Aug 10, 2021 2:50:58 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Aug 10, 2021 8:47:53 GMT -5
Shows that gorillas have the longest and widest lower molars of the great apes. nice.
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