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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 5, 2021 18:52:10 GMT -5
Orangutans (genus Pongo) are great apes native to Indonesia and Malaysia. They are found in the rainforests of Borneo and Sumatra, but during the Pleistocene they ranged throughout Southeast Asia and South China. Classified in the genus Pongo, orangutans were originally considered to be one species. From 1996, they were divided into two species: the Bornean orangutan (P. pygmaeus, with three subspecies) and the Sumatran orangutan (P. abelii). In 2017, a third species, the Tapanuli orangutan (P. tapanuliensis), was identified. The orangutans are the only surviving species of the subfamily Ponginae, who split from humans, chimpanzees and gorillas 19.3 to 15.7 million years ago (mya).
The most arboreal of the great apes, orangutans spend most of their time in trees. They have proportionally long arms and short legs and their hair is reddish-brown. Adult males may develop distinctive cheek pads or flanges and make long calls that attract females and intimidate rivals; younger males do not and resemble adult females. Orangutans are the most solitary of the great apes, social bonds occurring primarily between mothers and their dependent offspring, who remain together for the first two years. Fruit is the most important component of an orangutan's diet, but they will also eat vegetation, bark, honey, insects and bird eggs. They can live over 30 years both in the wild and in captivity.
Orangutans are among the most intelligent primates. They use a variety of sophisticated tools and construct elaborate sleeping nests each night from branches and foliage. The apes' learning abilities have been studied extensively. There may be distinctive cultures within populations. Orangutans have been featured in literature and art since at least the 18th century, particularly in works which comment on human society. Field studies of the apes were pioneered by primatologist Birutė Galdikas and they have been kept in captive facilities around the world since at least the early 19th century. All three orangutan species are considered critically endangered. Human activities have caused severe declines in populations and ranges. Threats to wild orangutan populations include poaching, habitat destruction because of palm oil cultivation, and the illegal pet trade. Several conservation and rehabilitation organisations are dedicated to the survival of orangutans in the wild.
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 5, 2021 23:45:55 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 5, 2021 23:49:52 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 5, 2021 23:52:36 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 6, 2021 7:45:53 GMT -5
FEMALE BORNEAN ORANGUTAN DEFEATS CHAMPION SUMO WRESTLER IN A TUG OF WAR:
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Orangutan
Jul 6, 2021 20:38:03 GMT -5
via mobile
Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 6, 2021 20:38:03 GMT -5
It seems quite fake, the video above, but still nice. Anyways, I found this: drive.google.com/file/d/1Cc_cfLjVCUbypZcPnYpU10EYUZBSZPo1/view?usp=drivesdkSome very interesting locomotor adaptations. Gorillas have hyperextend thumb rigids and an extended elbow. In here, ot shows quite some differences between Chimps behaviour of locomotion from Orangutans. I will admit I didn't read the full source further from the Abstract. I have to do this right now!
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Orangutan
Jul 6, 2021 20:40:11 GMT -5
via mobile
Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 6, 2021 20:40:11 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 6, 2021 20:50:13 GMT -5
You think its fake? Alot of people think that in the comment section of the video. I think its real because orangutans have real strong forelimbs because of their arboreal lifestyle, they even have more muscles than gorillas for their size. So even a female orangutan would be able to defeat a sumo wrestler in a tug of war.
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Orangutan
Jul 6, 2021 21:20:28 GMT -5
via mobile
Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 6, 2021 21:20:28 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 6, 2021 21:23:08 GMT -5
I cant see most of your links bro, they take me to Google drive.
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Orangutan
Jul 6, 2021 21:25:04 GMT -5
via mobile
Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 6, 2021 21:25:04 GMT -5
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Orangutan
Jul 6, 2021 21:28:51 GMT -5
via mobile
Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 6, 2021 21:28:51 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 6, 2021 21:31:24 GMT -5
Yeah sure. Put it in the great apes section.
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 7, 2021 15:22:50 GMT -5
DIFFERENCES IN BEHAVIOR AND BIOLOGY OF THE 3 ORANGUTAN SPECIES:
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Post by Gorilla king on Oct 19, 2021 5:46:22 GMT -5
Deadly Orangutan Attack: 2 Apes Team Up to Kill Another
The attacking female used a male orangutan as a "hired gun" to help corner and attack the victim in what scientists say is the first observed incident of lethal aggression among orangutans
www.scientificamerican.com/article/deadly-orangutan-attack-2-apes-team-up-to-kill-another/
Here is the study:
The dark side of the red ape: male-mediated lethal female competition in Bornean orangutans
Female Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) are mainly solitary and philopatric, leading to adult female relatives sharing adjacent and overlapping home ranges. Females tend to be intolerant of unrelated females, with whom they also may have overlapping home ranges. However, fights that lead to injuries are extremely rare and lethal aggression had never been observed. Here, we report the first case of lethal female-female aggression during over 26,000 h of focal data collected on adult females at Tuanan, Central Kalimantan: A young female, who had recently lost her infant, attacked an old resident female. The interaction’s unique feature was that the attacking female was supported by an unflanged male, who had been in consort with her during the week preceding the attack and was responsible for the lethal injuries to the victim. The victim received protection from a flanged male who was probably attracted to the noise generated by the fight. We conclude that even in a species in which coercion is frequently observed in male-female interactions, female leverage over males can coax males into providing services, such as coalitionary support.
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00265-015-2053-3
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Post by Gorilla king on Nov 23, 2021 4:56:15 GMT -5
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Post by oldindigosilverback on Nov 23, 2021 5:15:29 GMT -5
I think adult male orang Utans are left alone by clouded leopards.
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Post by Gorilla king on Dec 1, 2021 5:42:53 GMT -5
Wild Bornean Orangutan Caught Killing And Eating A Slow Loris For First Time
You might think orangutans are vegetarian and for the most part you’d be correct, but they have been known to occasionally enjoy the odd piece of meat. A new paper demonstrates this (with photos and a video for your viewing pleasure) as it reports on a Borneo orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) that was spotted catching, killing, and eating one of the world’s cutest animals: the slow loris.
Published in the journal Primates, the study authors describe their observation made in 2017 at the Tuanan Orangutan Research Station in the Kapuas region of Central Kalimantan, Borneo.
The researchers were familiar with the diets of these animals, having been tracking their behavior intermittently from 2003 to 2017. During that study period, it seemed the animals' most common foods were fruit (61 percent), young leaves (14 percent), flowers (8 percent), and insects (5 percent).
You can imagine the researchers’ surprise, then, when they spotted a male orangutan named Molong go ham sammich on a fellow primate. They actually hadn’t been intending to observe Molong but instead a female named Kerry and her 3-year-old infant Ketambe, but as he was hanging around in what’s referred to as “a party” they included his behavior in their record keeping.
A good thing, too, as what they saw on that fateful day proved to be a significant data point. It began when Molong leaped out of the trees and started running along the ground. They’d assumed he was moving away from an approaching male as they heard long vocalizations coming from elsewhere, but soon saw that he was in fact chasing a slow loris (Nycticebus borneanus).
This was strange as slow lorises are strictly arboreal animals that stick to the treetops, so how did it get on the ground? Molong carried on chasing the loris by hopping onto branches and back onto the ground again until the animal was just a meter away and he swatted it off of a branch. It's possible Molong knocked this animal out of the tree to begin with, a technique that's been used by Sumatran orangutans to stun the same prey as seen in the video from Hardus et al., 2012 below.
As the loris fell, Molong snapped off the branch it landed on and held it out away from his body as he scaled the tree. The loris's ordeal finally came to a grisly end as Molong, holding his victim by its feet, bit its nape and killed it. Once it was dead, he grabbed it with both hands and tucked in.
The sounds of Molong cronching on the unfortunate loris's head attracted the attention of Kerry who, infant in tow, approached him and appeared to beg for scraps. Cruelly, he appeared to occasionally offer up shreds of the decapitated slow loris only to keep them to himself. Nobody likes a greedy gobble gannet, Molong.
Killing a loris is risky business, even for a massive orangutan, as these big-eyed tree babies pack a powerful venom. It’s secreted from glands on their elbows which they rub on their teeth before biting would-be predators. It’s powerful enough to send humans into anaphylactic shock so could certainly be unpleasant for one of our close relatives.
This could perhaps explain why Molong handled the animal so gingerly until it was dead. And why such resourceful methods were used to pursue it in leaping into the trees repeatedly and carrying the slow loris on a snapped-off branch rather than with his hands.
Molong’s meal was one of just two observations of orangutans eating vertebrates made during the research period, the other of which was a hungry orangutan who decided to raid a nest of mice like a bowl of so many crunchy snacks.
Given the time needed to make just two observations, it would appear that Bornean orangutans eating vertebrates is quite rare but it’s very possible that more frequent meat consumption is being missed for lack of researchers on the ground.
“In conclusion, we describe the first predation and consumption event of a wild Bornean orangutan on a slow loris,” wrote the study authors, who maintain that while such predation events are “rare and most likely opportunistic”, long-term field research is needed if we’re to witness the grisly hunts as they unfold.
www.google.com/amp/s/amp.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/wild-bornean-orangutan-caught-killing-and-eating-a-slow-loris-for-first-time/
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Post by Gorilla king on Dec 1, 2021 5:46:34 GMT -5
The above article is based on this study:
Slow loris (Nycticebus borneanus) consumption by a wild Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii)
Abstract
Vertebrate predation and consumption by wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus spp.) is rare. In contrast to recorded observations of slow loris consumption by Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii), no cases of this have been previously published for Bornean orangutans in the wild. In 2017, we observed the capture and consumption of a slow loris (Nycticebus borneanus) by an adult unflanged male Bornean orangutan at Tuanan Orangutan Research Station, which is located in the Kapuas region of Central Kalimantan. The unflanged male was together with an adult female and her 3.5-year-old offspring throughout the event. However, despite the mother and her offspring watching the male closely and occasionally begging while he consumed the loris, he resisted all food-taking attempts. This study reports, to the best of our knowledge, the first documented case of slow loris predation and consumption by a Bornean orangutan, and thus provides an important data point for understanding primate predation on other primate species.
link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10329-021-00960-4
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Post by Gorilla king on Dec 17, 2021 14:55:22 GMT -5
Evolutionary trend in dental size in fossil orangutans from the Pleistocene of Chongzuo, Guangxi, southern China
Abstract
More than 800 isolated teeth of fossil Pongo have been recovered from cave sites in the vicinity of Chongzuo in Guangxi, southern China, ranging from the Early to Late Pleistocene (2.0–0.1 Ma). These collections provide a unique regional window into the evolutionary history of orangutans over a two-million-year period at the northernmost extent of their former geographic range. Here we investigate the nature and timing of the evolutionary change in the dental size of fossil orangutans from Chongzuo. Fossil tooth size (mesiodistal length∗buccolingual breadth) was compared against an extant Pongo pygmaeus standard (n = 106 individuals). During the course of the Pleistocene, orangutans from southern China exhibited a progressive reduction in overall dental size. Early Pleistocene Pongo has cheek teeth with occlusal areas that are 38.1% larger than those of extant P. pygmaeus. Those from the Middle and Late Pleistocene are 25.2% and 18.9% larger, respectively. Previously, the size difference in dentition between the Early to Middle Pleistocene and Middle to Late Pleistocene samples was used to differentiate time-successive species of Pongo, namely Pongo weidenreichi and Pongo devosi. However, with access to larger samples and better representation of populations through time, the evidence in support of this taxonomic arrangement requires reconsideration. Diminution of the teeth now appears to be a gradual evolutionary transformation rather than a punctuated event. Moreover, the morphological features that distinguish the Chongzuo fossil orangutans from extant Pongo spp. remain uniform throughout the Pleistocene. Retaining P. weidenreichi and P. devosi as anagenetic species remains an option, but, given the current evidence, we consider it preferable to assign all of the fossil orangutans from Chongzuo to P. weidenreichi. Beyond resolving questions of alpha taxonomy, the study of fossil orangutan dental size provides a basis for estimating body mass, which has implications for interpreting the paleobiology of Pleistocene Pongo in southern China.
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248421001421
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