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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 6, 2021 21:53:06 GMT -5
The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), also known as the common chimpanzee, or simply chimp, is a species of great ape native to the forest and savannah of tropical Africa. It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed subspecies. The chimpanzee and the closely related bonobo (sometimes called the "pygmy chimpanzee") are classified in the genus Pan. Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing shows that Pan is a sister taxon to the human lineage and is humans' closest living relative.
The chimpanzee is covered in coarse black hair, but has a bare face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. It is larger and more robust than the bonobo, weighing 40–70 kg (88–154 lb) for males and 27–50 kg (60–110 lb) for females and standing 150 cm (4 ft 11 in). Its gestation period is eight months. The infant is weaned at about three years old, but usually maintains a close relationship with its mother for several years more. The chimpanzee lives in groups that range in size from 15 to 150 members, although individuals travel and forage in much smaller groups during the day. The species lives in a strict male-dominated hierarchy, where disputes are generally settled without the need for violence. Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools, modifying sticks, rocks, grass and leaves and using them for hunting and acquiring honey, termites, ants, nuts and water. The species has also been found creating sharpened sticks to spear small mammals.
The chimpanzee is listed on the IUCN Red List as an endangered species. Between 170,000 and 300,000 individuals are estimated across its range. The biggest threats to the chimpanzee are habitat loss, poaching, and disease. Chimpanzees appear in Western popular culture as stereotyped clown-figures, and have featured in entertainments such as chimpanzees' tea parties, circus acts and stage shows. They are sometimes kept as pets, though their strength and aggressiveness makes them dangerous in this role. Some hundreds have been kept in laboratories for research, especially in America. Many attempts have been made to teach languages such as American Sign Language to chimpanzees, with limited success.
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 6, 2021 21:54:22 GMT -5
How chimps outmuscle humans
Contrary to popular lore that portrays chimpanzees as having “super strength,” studies have only found modest differences with humans. But our closest relatives are slightly stronger by several measures, and now a study comparing the muscle fibers of different primates reveals a potential explanation: Humans may have traded strength for endurance, allowing us to travel farther for food.
To determine why chimpanzees are stronger than humans—at least on a pound-for-pound basis—Matthew O’Neill, an anatomy and evolution researcher at the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Phoenix, and colleagues biopsied the thigh and calf muscles of three chimps housed at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. They dissected the samples into individual fibers and stimulated them to figure out how much force they could generate. Comparing their measurements to known data from humans, the team found that, at the individual fiber level, muscle output was about the same.
Given that different fibers throughout the muscle might make a difference, the researchers conducted a more thorough analysis of tissue samples from pelvic and hind limb muscles of three chimpanzee cadavers from various zoos and research institutes around the United States. Previous studies in mammals have found that muscle composition between trunk, forelimb, and hind limb muscles is largely the same, O’Neill says, so he’s confident the samples are representative across most of the chimp’s musculature. The team used a technique called gel electrophoresis to break down the muscles into individual muscle fibers, and compared this breakdown to human muscle fiber data.
Muscle fibers mostly come in two flavors: myosin heavy chain (MHC) I, which are slow-twitch fibers, and MHC II, or fast- twitch fibers. The latter contract more quickly and generate more force in quick bursts, but fatigue more quickly than slow-twitch fibers. The researchers found that whereas human muscle contains, on average, about 70% slow-twitch fibers and 30% fast-twitch fibers, chimpanzee muscle is about 33% slow-twitch fibers and 66% fast-twitch fibers.
The team ran its data through a computer program that built virtual muscles corresponding to the fiber compositions of humans and chimps, then simulated how much power each muscle could theoretically generate during a single burst. The chimp muscle, they learned, was about 1.35 times more powerful than the human one, they report today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
When the researchers then looked at the muscle fiber breakdown in mammals such as mice, guinea pigs, cats, dogs, horses, lemurs, and macaques, they found that only two animals regularly had more slow-twitch fibers: a small, lethargic primate called the slow loris and humans.
O’Neill says though fast-twitch fibers might give chimps and other mammals an advantage during high-intensity strength tasks like lifting heavy rocks or climbing a tree, humans’ slow-twitch fibers are better suited for endurance tasks like distance running. The researchers propose that early hominins’ muscles gradually became dominated by slow-twitch fibers as they gave up arboreal life and adapted to traveling across long distances to hunt and forage. Another benefit of slow-twitch fibers is they consume less metabolic energy, he adds, potentially freeing the body to devote more resources to other adaptations, like bigger brains.
Anne Burrows, a biological anthropologist at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, whose research focuses on primate biomechanics but was not involved with the work, says the study is well-designed and convincing. "Instead of thinking about the results as pointing to greater strength in chimpanzees, we might instead want to consider … what the greater percentage of slow-twitch fibers in humans means to our unique locomotion method, bipedalism," Burrows says. "I think that's the bigger story here."
Burrows does have reservations about the authors’ evolutionary arguments. “Before I fully buy into that interpretation, I would like to see data from upper limb musculature in chimpanzees and humans, and I would like data from gorillas and orangutans,” she says.
Adrienne Zihlman, an anthropologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, is more skeptical still of the study’s evolutionary ramifications. There simply isn’t enough known about the musculature of early hominins to speculate about their muscle fiber distributions, she says, so linking slow-twitch fibers to human evolution is a stretch. “The muscle fiber finding is an interesting factoid, but the tale that they spin based on that just doesn’t come from their data.
www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/06/how-chimps-outmuscle-humans
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 6, 2021 21:55:19 GMT -5
Wild chimpanzees deprived a leopard of its kill: Implications for the origin of hominin confrontational scavenging
Abstract
This study reports the first observed case of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) obtaining animal prey freshly killed by a sympatric leopard (Panthera pardus) and scavenging it with the leopard still nearby. This observation has important implications for the emergence of confrontational scavenging, which may have played a significant role in human evolution. Many scholars agree that eating meat became important during human evolution, and hominins first obtained meat by scavenging. However, it is debatable whether scavenging behavior was "passive" or "confrontational (power)." The latter is more dangerous, as it requires facing the original predator, and it is thus considered to have been important for the evolution of several human traits, including cooperation and language. Chimpanzees do scavenge meat, although rarely, but no previous evidence of confrontational scavenging has hitherto emerged. Thus, it was assumed that they are averse to confrontation with even leopard-sized predators. However, in the observed case the chimpanzees frequently emitted waa barks, which indicated that they were aware of the leopard's presence but they nevertheless continued to eat the scavenged meat. In addition, we compiled and reviewed 49 cases of chimpanzee encounters with animal carcasses in the Mahale Mountains of Tanzania in 1980-2017. Chimpanzees scavenged meat in 36.7% of these cases, and tended to eat the meat when it was fresh or if the animal species was usually hunted by chimpanzees. However, no evidence indicated that carcasses were avoided when leopard involvement was likely. These results suggest that chimpanzee-sized hominins could potentially confront and deprive leopard-size carnivores of meat.
www.researchgate.net/publication/333538218_Wild_chimpanzees_deprived_a_leopard_of_its_kill_Implications_for_the_origin_of_hominin_confrontational_scavenging
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 6, 2021 21:57:04 GMT -5
MOST BRUTAL CHIMPANZEE SOCIETY EVER DISCOVERED:
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 6, 2021 21:58:28 GMT -5
Sorry, the thread is in the right place. Anyhow: animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/chimpanzeeUsually younger Chimpanzees have pink hair, while older ones have darker face. Quite surprisingly, chimps were described as omnivores, for a lot of scientists suprise, as well as In Shadow of Man, to be able to use tools, which completely changed the way the times look. Chimps use leaves in order to cure wounds. Known predators are leopards, lions and such. However, Chimpanzees in groups are usually able to fend off a leopard or scare off a lion. Some fun facts: seaworld.org/animals/facts/mammals/chimpanzee/Why animals leave in groups?: archive.org/details/onmovehowwhyanim0000unse_z4h3If anyone got any sources of predation, socail structure and more, I would be very happy see it.
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 6, 2021 22:01:51 GMT -5
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 6, 2021 22:05:23 GMT -5
Sorry, the thread is in the right place. Anyhow: animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/chimpanzeeUsually younger Chimpanzees have pink hair, while older ones have darker face. Quite surprisingly, chimps were described as omnivores, for a lot of scientists suprise, as well as In Shadow of Man, to be able to use tools, which completely changed the way the times look. Chimps use leaves in order to cure wounds. Known predators are leopards, lions and such. However, Chimpanzees in groups are usually able to fend off a leopard or scare off a lion. Some fun facts: seaworld.org/animals/facts/mammals/chimpanzee/Why animals leave in groups?: archive.org/details/onmovehowwhyanim0000unse_z4h3If anyone got any sources of predation, socail structure and more, I would be very happy see it. Pink skin.
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Post by oldindigosilverback on Jul 7, 2021 14:29:40 GMT -5
Originally from Bihi from Carnivora.
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Post by oldindigosilverback on Jul 7, 2021 14:35:41 GMT -5
Credited to Bihi as well.
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 7, 2021 15:14:08 GMT -5
Reply #7, awesome account. So it sounds like 1 lone medium size Chimpanzee killed a medium size leopard, it states the leopard urinated when he was fighting, i guess this happens when an ambush fails and you have to fight head on.
Reply #8, so 2 large adult male chimpanzees displaced a leopard from his kill. Leopards are vulnerable.
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 7, 2021 15:31:02 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 7, 2021 15:35:00 GMT -5
I agree friend. Try to post the correct link though because we cant see those links to Google drive.
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 7, 2021 15:38:06 GMT -5
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 7, 2021 15:51:26 GMT -5
Check reply #7, maybe it was that case, or maybe it was another one?
Nice link by the way, it looks to me like no one dominates the interactions, chimps do pretty good:
Abstract and Figures
Some 29 interactions between chimpanzees Pan troglodytes and leopards Panthera pardus were observed or inferred in the tropical rainforest of the Tai National Park, Cote d'Ivoire. Chimpanzees chased away leopards in nine cases, rescued alarm calling chimpanzees in 11 cases, nine times leopards attacked chimpanzees, injuring six of them and killing four. Predation by leopards is estimated to be the first cause of mortality in the Tai chimpanzees and individual chimpanzees may experience a risk of predatory attack of 0.30 per year and a mortality risk of 0.055 per year. Tai chimpanzees adapt specifically their grouping patterns to food availability and to predation: with abundant food and low predation, party size increases and mixed parties are more frequent, whereas with the same food condition but with high predation, party size decreased and all-male party types increase. -from Author
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 7, 2021 15:58:55 GMT -5
I remember saving a few photos from the study of a few cases where the chimpanzees managed to chase off leopards, which is also evident in Michelle 2012.
Not to say that leopards are not great hunters tho, they are one of the most underrated felines in my opinion.
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 7, 2021 16:03:00 GMT -5
Oh, I think it was Tagg At el, let me check.
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 7, 2021 16:07:26 GMT -5
Replays to post #13.
Yes! It was that case! It seems like that Bihi is very rational, since I don't know a lot of people that knows about that case.
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 7, 2021 17:09:18 GMT -5
I remember saving a few photos from the study of a few cases where the chimpanzees managed to chase off leopards, which is also evident in Michelle 2012. Not to say that leopards are not great hunters tho, they are one of the most underrated felines in my opinion. Leopards are overrated in my opinion.
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Post by Gorilla king on Jul 7, 2021 17:10:08 GMT -5
Replays to post #13. Yes! It was that case! It seems like that Bihi is very rational, since I don't know a lot of people that knows about that case. Yes, he is pretty knowledgeable about great apes.
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Post by tyrannosaurs on Jul 7, 2021 17:15:59 GMT -5
Leopards are overrated in my opinion.[/quote]
When ot comes to gorilla vs leopard debate I'd say so.
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