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Post by Montezuma on Apr 28, 2022 20:57:14 GMT -5
"This was not true of the Slavs, and they admired the bear as much as the Germans did. Indeed, in a large part of non-Mediterranean Europe in the Carolingian period, the bear continued to be seen as a divine figure, an ancestral god whose worship took on various forms but remained solidly rooted."
"In Greco-Roman, Germanic, and Celtic mythologies in the West of Antiquity and the Middle Ages, there is a good deal of evidence attesting to the existence of a cult of the bear that took on diverse forms but certainly goes far back in time."
"The figure of the king is associated with the figure of the bear, because for the Celts - as for the Germans, the Balts, and the Slavs - the bear is the king of all the animals, and hence the quintessential royal animal."
books.google.com.pk/books?id=SBmduAAACAAJ&dq=the+bear+history+of+a+fallen+king&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSrNiFj7j3AhWKRvEDHQOgBmAQ6AF6BAgMEAM
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Post by Montezuma on Apr 28, 2022 21:40:49 GMT -5
"No animal indigenous to Europe gave an impression of strength comparable to the bear's. All the ancient authors who wrote about the animal emphasized this impression, and it gave rise to many proverbs, images, and metaphors. The expression "as strong as a bear" exists in all European languages and matches a reality already described by Aristotle in his 'History of Animals' and adopted by all his imitators and successors, notably Pliny and the medieval tradition he gave rise to."
"It is therefore hardly surprising that this animal fascinated humanity from very ancient times and became the embodiment of brute force, unconquerable courage, and superiority over all other animals."
"One after the other, Germans, Celts, Slavs, and Lapps looked on it as an animal apart, made it the central figure in their bestiary, and worshiped it in various manners."
books.google.com.pk/books?id=SBmduAAACAAJ&dq=the+bear+history+of+a+fallen+king&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSrNiFj7j3AhWKRvEDHQOgBmAQ6AF6BAgMEAM
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Post by Montezuma on Apr 28, 2022 21:46:34 GMT -5
"For several more centuries, as they (Germans) had from time immemorial, they continued to hold the bear in the highest esteem. In their eyes, this almost-invincible animal, more than any other living being, embodied strength and power. Hence, they sought to compare themselves to bears, to confront and defeat them and take on their powers, and to turn into both their emblem and their ancestor. For the Germans, the bear was much more than king of the forest or the bestiary, it was the quintessential totemic animal."
"The bear contributed to its own death by squeezing the young warrior against itself, with his dagger coming before him. But the man often died of suffocation before he could stab the point of his weapon into the skin of the huge beast."
"For young men, for example, fighting and killing a bear was an obligatory rite of passage for admission into the world of adult warriors. More than a ceremony tied to the hunt, it was an initiation ritual that ended with hand-to-hand combat between man and beast. The young man had only his dagger to get the better of the animal, and the bear used its forepaws as a vice to try to crush the man against its chest. The young warrior had to avoid being crushed, battered, or lacerated, but it was nonetheless by allowing himself to be as closely held as possible by the beast that he would manage to stab his opponent in the belly. "
books.google.com.pk/books?id=SBmduAAACAAJ&dq=the+bear+history+of+a+fallen+king&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSrNiFj7j3AhWKRvEDHQOgBmAQ6AF6BAgMEAM
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Post by Montezuma on Apr 28, 2022 21:51:02 GMT -5
"In his 'Gesta Danorum', which recounts the history of the Danish people from the beginning to the end of the twelfth century, the learned Saxo Grammaticus ( 1150 - 1220 ), for example, tells how a very young man named Skiold, while on a bear hunt, had to confront a huge bear unarmed and bare-handed; despite this disadvantage, he managed to immobilize the animal, tie it up with his belt, and lead it toward the other hunters, who killed it. This feat made him a respected adult warrior, and the memory of the glorious deed later helped him to mount the throne as the king of Denmark."
"There is a long list of literary or legendary heroes who, over the course of the twelfth century, confronted a bear or an ursine monster, beginning with the greatest of them: Roland, Tristan, Lancelot, Yvain, and King Arthur himself."
"Several sagas and epic poems, certain narrative and mythological texts, and a few iconographic representations have preserved traces of the various practices through which those warriors, before or after the battle, sought to fill themselves with the beast's powers."
books.google.com.pk/books?id=SBmduAAACAAJ&dq=the+bear+history+of+a+fallen+king&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSrNiFj7j3AhWKRvEDHQOgBmAQ6AF6BAgMEAM
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Post by Montezuma on Apr 29, 2022 20:38:20 GMT -5
"It is therefore hardly surprising that this animal fascinated humanity from very ancient times and became the embodiment of brute force, unconquerable courage, and superiority over all other animals."
"For several more centuries, as they had from time immemorial, they continued to hold the bear in the highest esteem. In their eyes, this almost-invincible animal, more than any other living being, embodied strength and power. Hence, they sought to compare themselves to bears, to confront and defeat them and take on their powers, and to turn into both their emblem and their ancestor. For the Germans, the bear was much more than king of the forest or the bestiary, it was the quintessential totemic animal."
"Later, various sagas and narrative texts from Iceland and Scandinavia allude to similar rituals. In his 'Gesta Danorum', which recounts the history of the Danish people from the beginning to the end of the twelfth century, the learned Saxo Grammaticus ( 1150 - 1220 ), for example, tells how a very young man named Skiold, while on a bear hunt, had to confront a huge bear unarmed and bare-handed; despite this disadvantage, he managed to immobilize the animal, tie it up with his belt, and lead it toward the other hunters, who killed it. This feat made him a respected adult warrior, and the memory of the glorious deed later helped him to mount the throne as the king of Denmark."
books.google.com.pk/books?id=SBmduAAACAAJ&dq=the+bear+history+of+a+fallen+king&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSrNiFj7j3AhWKRvEDHQOgBmAQ6AF6BAgMEAM
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Post by Montezuma on Apr 29, 2022 20:45:17 GMT -5
"Many chronicles and literary works tell the tale of a hero who, after defeating a bear, takes the fate of his people or his lineage in hand and finds glory. But not all these heroes were fictitious; some very real major figures of the feudal period are said to have defeated a bear in their youth, and by this deed to have come to the notice of their elders or their peers. These tales, a legacy of German and Scandinavian societies of antiquity and the High Middle Ages, were found not only in Germany, Denmark, and Iceland; they also circulated in Scotland, England, France, and even in the Holy Land, showing that medieval Christian culture, child of the Bible and the Greco-Roman world."
"The most savage of these practices was drinking the animal's blood and eating its flesh, a kind of ritual meal of a strongly totemic ( in the anthropological sense ) character, which helped to symbolically transform the warrior into a bear, to endow him with the animal's strength and thereby make him invincible."
"Later on, in the twelfth century, in a compilation of excerps from various sagas, Saxo Grammaticus explains how "some ancient Danish warriors" used to drink the blood of the bears they had defeated to become as fearsome as the beasts; he even explains that a bath in the animal's blood could be joined with or replace the bloody drink."
books.google.com.pk/books?id=SBmduAAACAAJ&dq=the+bear+history+of+a+fallen+king&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSrNiFj7j3AhWKRvEDHQOgBmAQ6AF6BAgMEAM
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Post by Montezuma on Apr 29, 2022 20:51:42 GMT -5
"Earlier, among the ancient Scandinavians, the most famous and probably most frequent ursine ritual was not consumption of the flesh and blood of the animal but disguise using the animal's skin. The sagas and tales of Norse mythology present heroes going into combat wearing the skin of the animal they have killed. This garment of fur imbues them with the power of the beast, protects them from adversity, and endows them with incomparable strength. The most fearsome of these warriors were the Berserkers, who were soldiers of Odin, the chief divinity of the Norse pantheon, a cruel, treacherous, and cynical god, secretive and omniscient. The great Icelandic writer Snorri Sturluson, in 'Ynglinga Saga', the first part of his long 'Heimskringla Saga', written between 1220 and 1230, probably provided the best description of the Berserker. They "went to battle without coats of mail and acted like mad dogs or wolves. They bit their shields and were as strong as bears or bulls. They killed people, and neither fire nor iron affected them. This is called berserker rage."
"There were other customs, more peaceful and better documented, among the ancient Germans and Scandinavians that brought out the bonds uniting the bear and the warrior. There was, for example, the custom of carrying on one's person a bear's teeth or claws, talismans that had already been used by men of the Paleolithic. There was above all the habit of using in combat signs, weapons, and armor decorated with the image of a bear, which clearly functioned not as decoration but as protection; it was both emblematic and prophylactic."
"The bear occupied the central place in this bestiary. It was found on banners, helmets, and swords, as well as on belt buckles and metal plates reinforcing breastplates or armor. It was found less frequently on clasps and absent from brooches and jewelry. It played a clearly military role. Moreover, archeological investigation has never uncovered a woman's jewel or an accessory for a female costume decorated with a bear. For periods preceding Chritianization, the bulk of our information comes from abundant funerary material found in tombs."
books.google.com.pk/books?id=SBmduAAACAAJ&dq=the+bear+history+of+a+fallen+king&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSrNiFj7j3AhWKRvEDHQOgBmAQ6AF6BAgMEAM
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Post by Montezuma on Apr 29, 2022 20:55:30 GMT -5
"There are countless simple or compound names based on the roots Ber, Bern, Bera, Born, Beorn, Per, Pern, Bjorn, and so on, all forms derived from the word for bear. With few exceptions, they are masculine names. Moreover, the war god Thor was early on given as surname the common name for bear in Old Norse: bjorn ( Thorbjorn ); in northern Europe, the god of warriors, thunder, and lightning was a thoroughly ursine god."
"In Germanic languages, the word for bear ( Bar in German, long written Beer ) has a sound suggesting strength and violence. It should be compared with the word for boar ( Eber ), its cousin and rival in the realm of animal symbolism, and with the word designating the lord or war leader, Baro or Bero, which gave to Old French ber, preserved in modern French in the accusative baron. These various words probably have a common etymology, to be found in the neighborhood of the root ghwer or bher, which in proto-Germanic means "the strong," "the violent," "one who strikes and kills."
books.google.com.pk/books?id=SBmduAAACAAJ&dq=the+bear+history+of+a+fallen+king&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSrNiFj7j3AhWKRvEDHQOgBmAQ6AF6BAgMEAM
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Post by Montezuma on Apr 29, 2022 20:59:30 GMT -5
"The bear occupied a symbolic position of the first rank among the ancient Celts, comparable to the one it held for the Germans and the Slavs. For the Celts, however, it seemed to have been less frequently associated with the idea of strength, war, or violence, and more with the idea of power and sovereignty. Celtic warriors, to be sure, sometimes carried bear teeth and claws into battle as amulets, as well as weapons and shields decorated with the image of the animal."
"Some prohibitions and circumlocutions in ancient Celtic languages nonetheless give a sense of how special an animal the bear was for the Celts, simultaneously feared, admired, and respected. Instead of speaking or writing its name, they chose to use its nickname: math or matu, which in Irish and Welsh means "male," "virile," and "kindly." In this instance, as in other cultures, the bear is the quintessentially virile animal, the masle beste as it was later known in Middle French. It was better to win its favor by calling it "kindly" than to incur its anger by calling it by a name it did not want to hear."
"The same is true for Matugenos, the god of the Gauls whose name was based on the same root ( literally "born of a bear" ) and who was a warrior god as strong as a bear; it was better to have him with you than against you. In addition to the terms math and matu, Old Irish and Old Welsh also use metaphoric expressions to designate the animal indirectly: for example, the compound word melfochyn ( literally, "honey pig" ), that brings out both the bear's inordinate love of honey and, as in Germanic traditions, its close relationship to the pig."
books.google.com.pk/books?id=SBmduAAACAAJ&dq=the+bear+history+of+a+fallen+king&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSrNiFj7j3AhWKRvEDHQOgBmAQ6AF6BAgMEAM
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Post by Montezuma on Apr 29, 2022 21:03:32 GMT -5
"But unlike the bear of the Germans and Vikings, the Celtic bear is more of a lord than a warrior. It is often a king and sometimes even a god. They were very ancient Celtic divinities whose worship had followed the migrations of the Celts from Central Europe to the far West; in various forms, traces of them can be found in Bohemia and Switzerland, as well as in Ireland and Wales."
"But the legendary King Arthur, along with Charlemagne, was the major royal figure in medieval literature. His origins were unquestionably Celtic and his name was identical to that of the bear, art in Irish, artos in Gaulish, arth in Welsh, and arza in Breton. In Welsh and Irish, mythology, the original Arthur seems to have been a bear-king, perhaps even, like the goddess Artio, an ursine divinity who was later transformed into a legendary monarch and then gradually lost most of his original nature."
"King of the beasts, present in every land, dreadful and dreaded, emblem of chiefs and warriors, symbol of extreme savagery and heightened sexuality, presumed cousin or ancestor of man, an object of veneration and pagan ceremonies throughout northern Europe, lover of girls and young women with whom it was thought he mated, the bear necessarily terrified the Church of the High Middle Ages."
books.google.com.pk/books?id=SBmduAAACAAJ&dq=the+bear+history+of+a+fallen+king&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSrNiFj7j3AhWKRvEDHQOgBmAQ6AF6BAgMEAM
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Post by Montezuma on Apr 29, 2022 21:07:47 GMT -5
"Ancient divinity, venerated creature, invincible beast, master of the forest, embodiment of strength and courage, the bear was not only the king of the beasts, but also the animal symbol of all kings. Although the case of Arthur, in whom bear and king were one, was unique among northern Europe societies - Celtic, Germanic, Scandinavian, Baltic, or Slav - the northern bear was everywhere an emblem of the chief, a symbol of authority, an image of sovereignty."
books.google.com.pk/books?id=SBmduAAACAAJ&dq=the+bear+history+of+a+fallen+king&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSrNiFj7j3AhWKRvEDHQOgBmAQ6AF6BAgMEAM
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Post by Montezuma on Apr 29, 2022 21:32:23 GMT -5
Bugbear - Germanic bear demon
"Its name is derived from the Middle English word "bugge" (a frightening thing), or perhaps the Old Welsh word bwg (evil spirit or goblin), or Old Scots bogill (goblin), and has cognates in German bögge or böggel-mann (goblin), and most probably also English "bogeyman" and "bugaboo"."
"In medieval England, the bugbear was depicted as a creepy bear that lurked in the woods to scare children. It was described in this manner in The Buggbears, an adaptation, with additions, from Antonio Francesco Grazzini’s La Spiritata (‘The Possessed [Woman]."
"In a modern context, the term bugbear may also mean pet peeve."
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugbear
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Post by Montezuma on Apr 29, 2022 21:41:20 GMT -5
Artio - Celtic bear goddess of hunt
A statue from ancient gaul shows goddess artio and a brown bear "Artio was an obscure Gaulish goddess whose cult flourished in Switzerland and the Rhineland between the Iron Age and Roman era. The goddess, Artio, was the divine protector of wild bears in the alpine regions of Central Europe. Artio means “bear goddess” in Gaulish and probably revered by followers in the form of a divine bear. The spirit of Artio manifested itself as a she-bear wandering over the wilderness of mountains and forests.The Helvetti paid homage to Artio as a goddess of bears, hunters, fertility, wild animals and nature in the alpine regions of Switzerland.The centre of the cult of Artio was in Bern, Switzerland. Bern, meaning “bear”, was the site of an oppidum belonging to the Helvetti tribe.The Helvetti migrated to Switzerland from Gaul in the final centuries BC Julius Caesar subdued the Helvetti in 52 BC. Tiberius led military campaigns which incorporated the alpine regions of northern Gaul into the Roman province of Gallia Belgica in 22 BC. The Romans later renamed the province Germania Superior.A devotee called Lucinia Sabinilla living near Bern, Switzerland offered a group of six bronze statues to the goddess Artio in the second or third century AD. Artio was a seated goddess with fruit in a lap and a bowl of fruit in her right hand. The goddess seemed to offer the fruit to a large bear which walked towards her from a nearby tree. The bear was probably another guise of Artio as the sacred animal of her cult. The inscription on the base of the statue read “For the goddess Artio, Lucinia Sabinilla [dedicates this offering]”.The Muri statuette group was a votive offering to Artio at a Romano-Celtic temple attached to a private villa at Mauri, Switzerland. The Historisches Museum in Bern displays the Gallo-Roman artefacts from Mauri.Followers invoked the power of Artio on votive inscriptions at Daun and Weilerbach in the Rhineland-Palatinate, Heddernheim near Frankfurt and Stockstadt in Germany.Artio, Andarta and Artaius were among the patron deities of bear cults which flourished in mountainous regions of southern and eastern Gaul. Bear cults were also prevalent in the Alps in Switzerland and Germany.Artaius and Matunus, were the male equivalents of Artio as the gods of bear cults in Gaul and Britain.Bears were sacred animals which seemed to die during their winter hibernation and miraculously reborn in the warmth of spring. Their habit of using dens in caves gave bears a supernatural connection to the deities and ancestral spirits in the Underworld.The druids deemed the association of bears with spring and their ability to live beneath the earth as the sacred signs they enhanced fertility in nature.Chieftains and warriors admired the strength and ferocity of wild bears. The human-like traits of bears such as climbing trees, walking on two legs and their fondness of honey intimated they were the favoured animals of the gods and goddesses in the Otherworld.The goddess, Artio, protected hunters and trappers as they pursued bears and wild animals in their natural habitat. The power and protection Artio granted may have been similar to the fierce instincts of a mother bear safeguarding her cubs in the wild. The votive offering of a statue of Artio in Bern by a female follower confirmed the wild spirit of Artio bestowed fertility and abundance both in nature and on mankind."
www.google.com/amp/s/journeyingtothegoddess.wordpress.com/2012/02/03/goddess-artio/amp/
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Post by Montezuma on May 5, 2022 2:58:17 GMT -5
Abert the Bear- Germanic hero Crusader
Albert the bear was a germanic crusader who was know to led fights against slavic and saxony people. The reason he is called bear is given below:-
"Albert's personal qualities won for him the cognomen of the Bear, "not from his looks or qualities, for he was a tall handsome man, but from the cognisance on his shield, an able man, had a quick eye as well as a strong hand, and could pick what way was straightest among crooked things, was the shining figure and the great man of the North in his day, got much in the North and kept it, got Brandenburg for one there, a conspicuous country ever since," says Carlyle, who called Albert "a restless, much-managing, wide-warring man." He is also called by later writers "the Handsome."
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_the_Bear
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Post by Montezuma on May 8, 2022 21:06:35 GMT -5
Now we will look at france and spain for bear importance. When gaulic celts revereing the bear was mentioned above (like tge artio goddess), so it meant that bears were venerated in France as ancient Gaul is modern day France. However, we will see more. The bear worship has been found in Basques (Spain). "The worshipping of bears found in many North Eurasian ethnic religions such as among the Sami, Nivkh, Ainu, Basques, Germanic peoples, Slavs and Finns."
Source:-
Wilfred Bonser (2012) "The Mythology of the Kalevala, with Notes on Bear-Worship Among the Finns.", p. 344
Coins depicting bears found in Spain, 100-150 b.c.
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Post by Montezuma on May 8, 2022 21:16:20 GMT -5
Bear festivals are also seen in Catalan countries that include Spain, France and Andorra."There are annual bear festivals that take place in various towns and communes in the Pyrenees region".
"In Prats de Molló, the Festa de l'ós [ca; fr] ("festival of the bear") (also known as dia dels óssos "day of the bears") held on Candlemas (February 2) is a ritual in which men dressed up as bears brandishing sticks terrorize people in the streets.Formerly, the festival centered on the "bears" mock-attacking the women and trying to blacken their breasts (with soot), which seemed scandalous to outside first-time observers. But according to the testimony of someone who remembered the olden days before that, the festival that at Prats de Molló involved elaborate staging, much like the version in Arles."
"The Arles version (Festa de l'os d'Arles [fr; ca]) involves a female character named Rosetta (Roseta) who gets abducted by the "bear". Rosetta was traditionally played by a man or a boy dressed up as a girl. The "bear" would bring the Rosetta to a hut raised on the center square of town (where the victim would be fed sausages, cake, and white wine). The event finished with the "bear" being shaved and "killed"."
"There is also a symmilar festival in the town of Sant Llorenç de Cerdans: Festa de l'ós de Sant Llorenç de Cerdans."
"These three well-known festivals take place in towns located in Vallespir, and are known as «Festes de l'os al Vallespir» or «El dia de l'os/dels ossos»."
"Andorra, in an entirely different Pyrenean valley, has some festivals dedicated to the she-bear, known collectively as Festes de l'ossa [ca]. These include the Ball de l'ossa ("she-bear's dance") in Encamp, and Última ossa ("the last she-bear") in Ordino."
"There is also a bear related festival in the Valencian town of La Mata: Festa de l'Onso de la Mata."
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_worship#
Jean de'l Ours, the legendary bear-man hero
"Some typical elements are that the hero is born half-bear, half-human; he obtains a weapon, usually a heavy iron cane, and on his journey; he bands up with two or three companions. At a castle the hero defeats an adversary, pursues him to a hole, discovers an underworld, and rescues three princesses. The companions abandon him in the hole, taking the princesses for themselves. The hero escapes, finds the companions and gets rid of them. He marries the most beautiful princess of the three, but not before going through certain ordeal(s) by the king."
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_l%27Ours
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Post by Gorilla king on May 8, 2022 23:01:36 GMT -5
ROMAN LEGIONARY SOLDIERS USED BEAR ARMATURE TO SCARE THE ENEMY:
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Post by Montezuma on May 9, 2022 21:31:12 GMT -5
/\ Thats great King kodiak. I also want to have a glimpse on romans too before heading towards Eastern europe. Here are coins depicting bears hunted by Roman king, Hadrian.
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Post by Montezuma on May 9, 2022 21:39:24 GMT -5
Lets start from Greeks:-
"Greek myths, to be sure, the bear is not itself a divinity, but only an emblem of some of the gods. However, some tales involving a bear seem to have retained traces of the role it may have played in very ancient times."
"The motif of the young child sheltered and nursed by a wild animal appears in most mythologies and legends about the origins of heroes. The Roman she-wolf remains the most famous example, but classical Antiquity produced several others just as memorable: for example, there are two stories in Greek mythology highly relevant to the subject at hand, since they feature not a she-wolf but a she-bear."
"Daughter of King Lycaon of Arcadia, Callisto was extraordinarily beautiful but avoided all men. She preferred to hunt in the company of Artemis, because, like the goddess herself and all her followers, she had made a vow of chastity. Zeus saw her one day and became infatuated; to approach her, he took on the form of Artemis and forced himself upon her. The young woman became pregnant and the time came when she could no longer conceal it. Violently angry, Artemis shot her with an arrow, which immediately delivered her of the child and also transformed her into a she-bear. Thereafter she wandered in animal form in the mountains while her son Arcas grew up to become the king of Arcadia. One day out hunting he encountered his mother, still in the form of a she-bear. He was about to kill her when Zeus, to avoid such a crime, changed him too into a bear, or rather a bear cub; then he lifted them both into the heavens, where they became the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor."
books.google.com.pk/books?id=SBmduAAACAAJ&dq=the+bear+history+of+a+fallen+king&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSrNiFj7j3AhWKRvEDHQOgBmAQ6AF6BAgMEAM
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Post by Montezuma on May 9, 2022 21:45:21 GMT -5
Artemis - Greek she-bear goddess of hunting
"It is always the brown bear, the brown bear, the strongest of all native European animals, and along with the pig, the animal considered biologically and symbolically closest to humankind. It is the emblem of several divinities, primarily the great goddess of the hunt, Artemis, twin sister of Apollo, daughter of Zeus, and goddess of the moon, the woods, and the mountains, and therefore protector of wild animals. Untamed and vindictive, Artemis has vowed to remain eternally virgin and takes pleasure only in the hunt: armed with her bow, she pursues and kills any who challenge or betray her or thwart her will."
books.google.com.pk/books?id=SBmduAAACAAJ&dq=the+bear+history+of+a+fallen+king&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSrNiFj7j3AhWKRvEDHQOgBmAQ6AF6BAgMEAM
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